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Exam 3 - Hip, Knee, Ankle, and Foot
Hip, knee, ankle, and foot anatomy and kinesiology
140
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
10/15/2020

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Term
One-joint muscles of hip
Definition
Iliopsoas
Pectineus
Adductor magnus
adductor longus
adductor brevis
gluteus maximus
deep rotators (6)
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
Term
motions at ankle and foot
Definition
plantarflexion 30-50, dorsiflexion 20 - sagittal plane and frontal axis
eversion, inversion - frontal plane and sagittal axis
adduction/ abduction - transverse plane.

triplanar
Term
Two-joint muscles of hip
Definition
rectus femoris
sartorius
gracilis
semimembranosus
semitendinosus
biceps femoris (long head)
tensor fascia lata
Term
Ligaments of the hip
Definition
iliofemoral ligament
pubofemoral ligament
ischiofemoral ligament

attaches anteriorly to the AIIS
Term
Position to stretch piriformis
Definition
the prime mover of hip lateral rotation. Can be stretched by placing hip in the lateral rotation (while also flexed). It is the only deep lateral rotator that functions this way.
Term
Positioning to stretch two-joint muscles
Definition
the hip flexor origin (pelvis) must be stabilized to prevent a reverse muscle action that would create anterior pelvic tilt. This stabilization is achieved primarily by: 1) abdonminal muscle contraction and 2) bending the opposite hip and knee. Both of these actions help lock the pelvis in a posterior direction, which helps resists the anterior tilting force exerted by the hip flexor muscles
Term
Trendelenburg gait
Definition
weakness or loss of the gluteus medius and minimus causes the non-affected side to drop significantly when you stand on the affected side and lift your non-affected side off the ground
Term
open chain motion at ankle and foot
Definition
leg fixed, foot moves
Term
closed chain motion at knee joint
Definition
The medial condydle of the femur must also glide posteriorly to use its entire articular surface. It is this posterior gliding of the medial femoral condyle during the last few degrees of weight bearing extension that causes the femur to spin (rotate medially) on the tibia
Term
screw-home mechanism
Definition
at the knee joint, the tibia rotates laterally on the femur. These last few degrees of motion lock the knee in extension. With the knee fully extended, an individual can stand for a long time without using muscles. for knee flexion to occur the knee must be unlocked by lateral rotating the femur on the tibia
Term
foot intrinsic muscles
Definition
have both attachments distal to the ankle joint.

Extensor digitorum brevis
extensor hallucis brevis
Term
Morton's neuroma
Definition
caused by abnormal pressure on the plantar digital nerves commonly at the web space between the third and fourth metatarsals. This pressure can result in pain and numbness in the toe area that gets worse with activity such as running
Term
Turf toe
Definition
caused by forced hyperextension of greater at the MTP joint. It is commonly seen in football, baseball, and soccer players
Term
If there is contracture in the anterior compartment...
Definition
Strengthen the posterior compartment
Term
hip joint motions
Definition
Flexion/extension
abduction/adduction
medial/ lateral rotation
Term
Bones of the hip
Definition
Ilium, ischium, pubis, femur, tibia
Term
Landmarks of ilium
Definition
iliac fossa
iliac crest
ASIS
AIIS
PSIS
PIIS
Term
Landmarks of Ischium
Definition
Body
Ramus
Ischial tuberosity
Spine
Term
pubis
Definition
superior ramus
inferior ramus
pubis symphysis
pubic tubercle
acetabulum
abductor foramen
Term
femur
Definition
head
neck
greater trochanter
lesser trochanter
body medial epicondyle
lateral epicondyle
lateral condyle
medial condyle
adductor tubercle
linea aspera
pectineal line
patellar surface
Term
tibia
Definition
tibial tuberosity
Term
ligaments of the hip
Definition
iliofemoral ligament
pubofemoral ligament
ischiofemoral ligament
Ligamemtum teres
acetabular labrum
inguinal ligament
iliotibal band
Term
Anterior muscles of the hip
Definition
iliopsoas
rectus femoris
sartorius
Term
medial muscles of the hip
Definition
pectineus
adductor longus
adductor brevis
adductor magnus
gracilis
Term
posterior muscles of the hip
Definition
gluteus maximus
deep rotators (6)
semimembranosus
semitendinosus
biceps femoris (long and short heads)
Term
Lateral muscles of the hip
Definition
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
tensor fascia latae
Term
Common hip pathologies
Definition
congenital hip dislocation
legg-calve-perthes disease
slipped capital femoral epiphysis
coxa valga
coxa vara
anteversion
retroeversion
osteoarthritis
hip fracture
iliotibial band syndrome
trochanteric bursitis
hamstring strain
Term
congenital hip dislocation
Definition
occurs when an usually shallow acetabulum causes the femoral head to slide upward. the joint capsule remains intact, though stretched
Term
legg-calve-perthes disease
Definition
aka coxa plana, a condition in which the femoral head undergoes necrosis. It is usually seen in children between the ages of 5 and 10 years. During the course of the disease, it may take about 2 to 4 years for the head to revascularize, and then remodel
Term
slipped capital femoral epiphysis
Definition
seen in children during the growth-spurt years. the proximal epiphysis slips from its normal position on the femoral head.
Term
coxa valga
Definition
characterized by a neck-shaft angle greater than 125 degrees. Because this angle is "straighter" it tends to make the limb longer, thus placing the hip in an adducted position during weight-bearing.
Term
coxa vara
Definition
a deformity in which the neck-shaft angle is less than the normal 125 degrees. Because it is "more bent" it tends to make the involved limb shorter, dropping the pelvis on that side during weight-bearing
Term
anteversion
Definition
an increase in the angle of torsion (greater than 15-25 degrees). It forces the hip joint into a more medially rotated position, causing the person to walk more "toed in."
Term
retroeversion
Definition
A decrease in the angle of torsion (less than 15-25 degrees) that forces the hip into a more laterally rotated position, causing the person to walk more "toed out"
Term
osteoarthritis
Definition
a degeneration of the articular cartilage of the joint. It may result from trauma or wear and tear and is typically seen later in life. It is commonly treated with a total joint replacement
Term
hip fracture
Definition
tend to be of two types: intertrochanteric and femoral neck. These are very common among elderly people, usually resulting from falls. High impact trauma such as motor vehicle accidents may cause hip fractures in younger individuals
Term
iliotibial band syndrome
Definition
an overuse injury causing lateral knee pain. It is commonly seen in runners and bicyclists. This syndrome is believed to result from repeated friction of the band that slides over the lateral femoral epipcondyle during knee motion. It is caused by such factors as muscle tightness, worn-down shoes, and running on uneven surfaces. Because many muscles insert at the greater trochanter, there are many bursae providing a friction-reducing cushion between muscles and bone
Term
trochanteric bursitis
Definition
the result of either acute trauma or overuse. It can be seen in runners or bicyclists or in someone with a leg length discrepancy, or it can be caused by other factors that put repeated stress on the greater trochanter
Term
hamstring strain (pulled hamstring)
Definition
probably the most common muscle problem in the body. Unfortunately it is often recurrent. It may result from an overload of the muscle or trying to move the muscle too fast. It is a common injury among sprinters and in sports that require bursts of speen or rapid acceleration, such as soccer, track and field, football, baseball, and rugby. Can occur at one of the attachment site or at any point along the length of the muscle
Term
knee joint muscles
Definition
flexion and extension with accessory rotation
Term
screw-home mechanism
Definition
Term
open-chain knee extension
Definition
Term
closed-chain knee extension
Definition
Term
Knee bones
Definition
femur
tibia
fibula
patella
calcaneus
Term
femur landmarks
Definition
Head
neck
greater trochanter
lesser trochanter
body
medial condyle
lateral condyle
lateral epicondyle
medial epicondyle
adductor tubercle
linea aspera
pectineal line
patellar surface
Term
tibia landmarks
Definition
intercondylar eminence
medial condyle
lateral condyle
plateau
tibial tuberosity
Term
Knee joint ligaments
Definition
anterior cruciate ligament
posterior cruciate ligament
medial collateral ligament
lateral collateral ligament
medial meniscus
lateral meniscus
Term
other structures of the knee
Definition
Bursae of the knee
popliteal space
pes anserine muscle group
Term
pes anserine muscle group
Definition
(goose foot) made up of the sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus. Provides medially stability of the knee
Term
anterior muscles of the knee
Definition
rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus medialis
vastus intermedialis
Term
posterior muscles of the knee
Definition
semimembranosus
semitendinosus
biceps femoris
popliteus
gastrocnemius
tensor fascia latae
gracilis
sartorius
Term
Common knee pathologies
Definition
genu valgum
genu varum
genu recurvatum
patellar tendonitis
osgood-schlatter disease
baker's cyst
patellofemoral pain syndrome
chrondromalacia patella
prepatellar bursitis
terrible triad
miserable malalignment syndrome
Term
genu valgum
Definition
knees together. weight bearing force moves lateral of knee joint
Term
genu varum
Definition
bow legged. weight-bearing force moves to the medial knee joint
Term
genu recurvatum
Definition
more than 5 degrees extension, "back bent"
Term
patellar tendonitis
Definition
pain in anterior knee. Caused by jumping
Term
osgood-schlatter disease
Definition
usually in children at traction tibial tuberosity epiphysis
Term
baker's cyst (popliteal cyst)
Definition
not a cyst. Named because baker's on feet all day. Herniation of the synovial joint or bursitis in the posterior aspect of the knee
Term
patellofemoral pain syndrome
Definition
a common problem causing diffuse anterior knee pain. Generally considered the result of a varitey of alignment factors, such as increased q angle, patella alta (high riding patella), quadriceps weakness or tightness, weakness of hip lateral roators, and excessive foot pronation
Term
chrondromalacia patella
Definition
the softening and generation of the cartilage on the posterior aspect of the patella, causing anterior knee pain
Term
prepatellar bursitis
Definition
"Housemaid's knee" anterior aspect of the knee. constant pressure between the skin and the patella
Term
terrible triad
Definition
single blow to the knee, lateral aspect blow
ACL
MCL
Medial meniscus
Term
miserable malalignment syndrome
Definition
genu valgus, tibial torsion, pronated flat foot
Term
Largest joint in the body is the...
Definition
knee joint
Term
longest muscle in the body is the...
Definition
sartorius
Term
knee joint normal range of motion
Definition
0-120 degrees
Term
convex bone in knee joint
Definition
femur
Term
concave bone in knee joint
Definition
tibia
Term
In open-chain motion, knee extension to flexion...
Definition
tibia moves laterally on the femur
Term
In closed-chain motion,
Definition
femur moves medially on the tibia
Term
Open-packed position of knee
Definition
25 degrees flexion, most joint play
Term
closed-packed postion of the knee
Definition
0 degrees of extension
Term
mechanical advantage of the patella
Definition
increases the mechanical advantage of the quadriceps muscle and protects the knee. Without it the moment arm at the knee joint would be shorter and much of the muscle's force would be a stabilizing force directed back into the joint
Term
Q angle
Definition
patellofermoral angle. the angle between the quadriceps muscle and the patellar tendon. It is determined by drawing a line from the ASIS to the midpoint of the patella
19 degrees normal
Women tends to have greater Q angle because of larger hips
Term
Calcaneus
Definition
insertion for gastrocnemius
Term
Cruciates provide stability in...
Definition
sagittal plane
Term
Collaterals provide stability in...
Definition
frontal plane. side-to-side forces
Term
PCL
Definition
tightens during extension
Term
MCL
Definition
has fibers that attach to medial meniscus
Term
labrum
Definition
deepens the socket of the hip joint
Term
menisci
Definition
deepens the socket in the knee joint. provide shock absorption
Term
popliteal space
Definition
behind the knee. Where the sciatic nerve splits into tibial and fibular (peroneal) nerves
Term
Knee has...
Definition
13 bursae
Term
pes anserine
Definition
insertion of gracilis, sartorius, and semitendinosus. Medial tibia
Term
Quadriceps
Definition
Innervated by femoral nerve
rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus medialis
vastus intermedialis
Term
rectus femoris
Definition
most superficial. Crosses hip and knee.
Term
hamstrings
Definition
posterior compartment of thigh
biceps femoris
semimembranosus
Term
popliteus muscle
Definition
"Unlock," initiates knee flexion out of the screw home
Term
gastrocnemius
Definition
some flexion
plantar flexion prime mover
Term
TFL
Definition
lateral stability
Term
gracilis
Definition
medial stability
Term
sartorius
Definition
medial stability
Term
IT band
Definition
Term
genu recurvatum
Definition
Term
ankle and foot bones
Definition
tibia
fibula
tarsals (7)
calcaneus
talus
navicular
cuboid
cuneiforms (3)
metatarsals (5)
phalanges (14)
Term
landmarks of the tibia
Definition
medial condyle
lateral condyle
crest
medial malleolus
Term
landmarks of the fibula
Definition
head
lateral malleolus
Term
landmarks of the calcaneus
Definition
calcaneal tuberosity
sustentaculum tail
Term
sustentaculum tail
Definition
Term
landmarks of the navicular
Definition
navicular tuberosity
Term
landmarks of the metatarsals
Definition
base
head
Term
landmarks of the phalanges
Definition
base of phalanges
head of phalanges
Term
Ankle joint motions
Definition
plantarflexion/ dorsiflexion (sagittal plane)
inversion/ eversion (frontal plane)
adduction/ abduction (transverse plane)
supination (plantar flexion, inversion, and adduction)
Pronation (dorsiflexion, eversion, and abduction)
Term
ankle joints
Definition
talotibial (talocrural) joint
subtalar joint
transverse tarsal joint
Term
subtalar joint
Definition
eversion, inversion
Term
transverse tarsal joint
Definition
anterior surfaces of the talas, not much movement
Term
mortise and tendon
Definition
related to carpentry and stability
Term
foot joints
Definition
metatarsophalangeal joints (MTP)
proximal interphalangeal joints (PIP)
distal interphalangeal joints (DIP)

flexibility in foot allows adaption to uneven surfaces
Term
metatarsophalangeal joints (MTP)
Definition
flexion/ extension/ hyperextension/ adduction/ abduction
Term
proximal interphalangeal joints (PIP)
Definition
flexion/ extension
Term
distal interphalangeal joints (DIP)
Definition
flexion/ extension
Term
joint capsule of ankle
Definition
deltoid ligament (4 parts)
lateral ligament (3 parts)
Term
arches of foot
Definition
medial longitudinal arch
lateral longitudinal arch
transverse arch
Term
plantar ligaments and aponeurosis
Definition
spring ligament
long plantar ligament
short plantar ligament
plantar aponeurosis
Term
spring ligament
Definition
supports longitudinal arch
Term
superficial muscles of the ankle and foot
Definition
gastrocnemius
soleus
plantaris

innervated by the tibial nerve
Term
deep posterior muscles of the ankle and foot
Definition
tibialis posterior
flexor hallucis longus
flexor digitorum longus
Term
foot intrinsics
Definition
muscles the originate distal ... Deep fibular nerve lie deep to their extrinsic counterpart. Tibial nerve branches to form medial and plantar nerves
Term
anterior muscles of the ankle and foot
Definition
tibialis anterior
extensor hallucis longus
extensor digitorum longus
Term
lateral muscles of the ankle and foot
Definition
peroneus longus
peroneus brevis
peroneus tertius
Term
common ankle pathologies
Definition
shin splints
pes cavus
pes planus
metatarsalgia
ankle sprain
ankle fracture
plantar fasciitis
Term
hip joint
Definition
motion in all three planes
flex extension, and hyperextension - sagittal
120 degrees flexion, 15 degrees hyperextension
abd/add - frontal plane, 45 degrees abd, 25 degrees add
med/lat rotation - tranverse plane, 45 degrees each direction
Term
hip joint end feel
Definition
firm except, flexion soft
Term
open-packed position of hip
Definition
30 degrees flexion, 30 degrees abd, and small degree of lat rotation. maximal joint play
Term
hip joint is convex on concave
Definition
the head of the femur glides in opposite direction from the distal end of the bone
Term
y ligament
Definition
also called ligament of bigelow. The iliofemoral ligament splits into two and attaches to the intertrochanteric line of the femur. Its main function is to limit hyperextension
Term
adductor hiatus
Definition
the gap or opening in the distal attachment of the adductor magnus between the linea aspera and the adductor tubercle. It is significant because the femoral artery and vein pass through this opening to reach the posterior surface of the knee, where their name changes to popliteal artery and vein
Term
angle of inclination
Definition
the angle between the shaft and the neck of the femur in the frontal plane. it is normally 125 degrees. This angle varies from birth to adulthood. At birth it may be as great as 170 degrees, but by adulthood the angle decreases significantly. Factors such as congenital deformity, trauma, or disease may affect this angle
Term
angle of torsion
Definition
the angle between the shaft and the neck of the femur in the transverse plane which normally has the head and neck rotated outward from the shaft approximately 15-25 degrees
Term
hip pointer
Definition
a misnomer because it occurs at the pelvis, not the hip. It is a severe bruise caused by direct trauma to the iliac crest of the pelvis. Most commonly associated with football but can be seen in almost any contact sport. Spearing the hip/pelvis with a helmet while tacking may be the most common cause.
Term
knee joint
Definition
the largest joint of the body and is classified as a synovial hinge joint. motions possible are flexion 120-130 degrees and extension 0 degrees. The rotational component of the joint is only an accessory motion
Term
arthrokinematics of knee joint
Definition
glide, roll, and spin occur in this joint
Term
end feel of knee joint
Definition
flexion - soft end feel
extension - firm
Term
open-packed position of knee
Definition
flexed at 25 degrees. Position where most joint play is available
Term
hindfoot
Definition
made up of the talus and calcaneus. First part of the foot that makes contact with the ground
Term
midfoot
Definition
made up of the navicular, the cuboid, and the three cuneiform bones. Provides stability and mobility
Term
forefoot
Definition
made up of the five metatarsals and all of the phalanges. Adapts to the levels of the ground and the last part of the foot to make contact with the ground during stance phase.
Term
valgus position at ankle
Definition
abnormal position in which the distal segment is away from the midline
Term
varus position at ankle
Definition
abnormal position in which the distal segment is located toward the midline
Term
normal end feel at ankle
Definition
firm due to joint capsule, ligaments, and tendons
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