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Exam 3: Chap 10
Muscular Systems
65
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
11/11/2010

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Term
Muscles only ________ (never push)
Definition
pull
Term
As muscles shorten, the insertion moves ________ the origin
Definition
Toward
Term
Approximately ____ muscles in the body
Definition
600
Term
Functions of muscles:6
Definition
1. Move body parts
2. Move contents of organs
3. Maintain posture and prevent movement
4. Communication
5. Control body openings
6. Body heat production
Term
Grouping of muscles by function: (3)
Definition
1. Prime Movers
2. Antagonists
3. Synergists
Term
Prime Movers
Definition
Provide the major force for producing a specific movement
Term
Synergists
Definition
-Add force to a movement
-Reduce undesirable or unnecessary movement
Term
Muscular System Naming:7
Definition
1. Location
2. Shape
3. Relative Size
4. Direction of fibers
5. Number of origins
6. Location of attachment
7. Action
Term
Muscular System: Fascicles(5)
Definition
1. Parallel
2. Fusiform
3. Pennate
4. Convergent
5. Circular
Term
Fascicles
Definition
Bundles of myocytes surrounded by the perimysium membrane
Term
Parallel fascicles
Definition
fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle
Term
Fusiform fascicles
Definition
Spindle-shaped muscles
Term
Pennate fascicles
Definition
Short fascicles that attach obliquely to a central tendon running the length of the muscle
Term
Convergent Fascicles
Definition
Fascicles converge from a broad origin to a single tendon insertion
Term
Circular fascicles
Definition
Fascicles are arranged in concentric rings
Term
Direct Attachment
Definition
- Epimysium of muscle is continuous with periosteum of bone
- Relatively uncommon
Term
Indirect attachment
Definition
- Epimysium collects into a tendon or aponeurosis that attaches to periosteum via perforating fibers
- Most common
Term
___________ muscles are contained within the region that is moved by their contraction
Definition
Intrinsic
Term
__________ muscles move body parts outside of the region where they are found
Definition
Extrinsic
Term
Lever
Definition
A rigid bar that moves on a fulcrum, or fixed point
Term
Effort
Definition
Force applied to a lever
Term
Load
Definition
Resistance moved by the effort
Term
Lever Systems equation
Definition
effort x length of effort arm = load x length of load arm
Term
First class lever system
Definition
The fulcrum is between the load and the effort
Term
Second class lever system
Definition
The load is between the fulcrum and the effort
Term
Third class lever system
Definition
The effort is applied between the fulcrum and the load
Term
Epicranius (occipitofrontalis)
Definition
Bipartite muscle that consists of: 1)Frontalis
2)Occipitalis
3)Galea aponeurotica
Term
These two muscles have alternate actions of pulling the scalp forward and backward
Definition
1. Frontalis
2. Occipitalis
Term
____ muscles are involved in lifting the eyebrows, flaring the nostrils, opening and closing the eyes and mouth, and smiling
Definition
11
Term
Muscles on the scalp and face usually insert in the _____ and are innervated by cranial nerve ___
Definition
skin; VII (7)
Term
The prime movers in mastication are: 3)
Definition
1. Temporalis
2. Masseter
3. Buccinator
Term
Grinding muscles in mastication: 2
Definition
1. Lateral pterygoid
2. Medial pterygoid
Term
Major head flexor is the _________________
Definition
sternocleidomastoid
Term
Synergists to head flexion are the __________ and ___________
Definition
Suprahyoid; infrohyoid
Term
Lateral head movements are accomplished by the _________________ and __________ muscles
Definition
sternocleidomastoid; scalene
Term
Head extension is accomplished by the deep _________ muscles and aided by the superficial ___________
Definition
splenius; trapezius
Term
The prime mover of back extension is the ________ ________.
Definition
Erector Spinae
Term
The erector spinae consists of three columns on each side of the vertebrae
Definition
1. Iliocostalis
2. Longissimus
3. Spinalis
Term
Other deep back extensors include the ___________ muscles and the _________ ___________
Definition
semispinalis; quadratus lumborum
Term
What is the primary function of deep thoracic muscles?
Definition
Promote movement for breathing
Term
More superficial layer that lifts the rib cage and increases thoracic volume to allow inspiration
Definition
External Intercostalis
Term
Deeper layer that aids in forced expiration
Definition
Internal intercostalis
Term
Most important muscle for inspiration at rest
Definition
Diaphragm
Term
The abdominal wall is composed of four paired muscles
Definition
1. Internal and external obliques
2. Tranversus abdominis, rectus abdominis
Term
The abdominal wall muscles help promote: 6
Definition
1. Urination
2. Defecation
3. Childbirth
4. Vomiting
5. Coughing
6. Screaming
Term
The prime movers of shoulder elevation are the _________ and ________ _________
Definition
trapezius; levator scapulae
Term
___ muscles cross the shoulder joint and insert into the humerus
Definition
Nine
Term
Prime movers of the shoulder include:
Definition
Pectoralis Major
Latissimius dorsi
Middle fibers of the deltoid
Term
Rotator cuff muscles: 4
Definition
1. Supraspinatus
2. Infraspinatus
3. Teres minor
4. Subscapularis
Term
What is the main function of rotator cuff muscles?
Definition
Reinforce the capsule of the shoulder
Term
What is the prime mover in forearm extension?
Definition
triceps brachii
Term
What are the chief forearm flexors?
Definition
Brachialis; biceps brachii
Term
The ______________ of the forearm acts as a synergist and helps stabilize the elbow
Definition
brachioradialis
Term
These muscles are primarily flexors of the wrist and fingers (8)
Definition
1. Pronator teres
2. Brachioradialis
3. Flexor pollicis longus
4. Pronator quadratus
5. Flexor digitorium superficialis
6. Flexor carpi ulnaris
7. Palmaris longus
8. Flexor carpi radialis
Term
These muscles are primarily extensors of the wrist and fingers (9)
Definition
1. Aconeus
2. Extensor carpi ulnaris
3. Extensor indicis
4. Extensor pollicis longus
5. Extensor pollicis brevis
6. Abductor pollicis longus
7. Extensor digitorum
8. Extensor carpi radialis brevis
9. Extensor carpi radialis longus
Term
The most important thigh flexors are the: 3
Definition
1. Iliopsoas
2. Tensor fasciae latae
3. Rectus femoris
Term
Prime mover of the thigh
Definition
Iliopsoas
Term
The medially located ________ muscles and _________ assist in thigh flexion
Definition
adductor; sartorius
Term
Thigh extension is primarily effected by the hamstring muscles (3)
Definition
1. Biceps femoris
2. Semitendinosus
3. Semimembranosus
Term
Forceful extension of the the thigh is aided by the _______ ________
Definition
Gluteus maximus
Term
The sole extensor of the knee is the _________ ________
Definition
quadriceps femoris
Term
The _______ _______ flex the knee, and are antagonists to the quadriceps femoris
Definition
Hamstring muscles
Term
These anterior muscles are the primary toe extensors and ankle dorsiflexors :4
Definition
1. Tibialis anterior
2. Extensor digitorum longus
3. Extensor hallucis longus
4. Fibularis tertius
Term
These anterior
Definition
Term
These lateral compartment muscles plantar flex and evert the foot
Definition
1. Fibularis longus
2. Fibularis brevis
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