Term
| Describe the grading system of head shaking. |
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Definition
-1-5
-1 = ridable, intermittent & mild signs
-5 = unrideable, uncontrollable, bizarre behavior |
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Term
| What is the mean age of onset of head shaking? |
|
Definition
-7-9y
-TB & geldings overrepresented |
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Term
| What is the seasonality of head shaking? |
|
Definition
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Term
| Describe the pathogenesis of head shaking. |
|
Definition
-2 etiologies most ocmmony considered: photophobia, trigeminal neuralgia
-photic head shaking: optic=-trigeminal summation
-degen disorder of brainstem nucleus of trigeminal n
-trigeminal n is hypersensitive |
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Term
| How do we diagnose head shaking? |
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Definition
-complete PE
-endoscope
-rads
- |
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Term
| You should suspect head shaking if 2 of 3 of which signs are present? |
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Definition
=vertical head tossing
-acting like bug flew up nostril
-rubbing nose |
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Term
| How do we treat head shaking? |
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Definition
-protect from light if photic
-cyproheptadine: anti-histamine, serotonin antagonist
-may have to add carbamazepine: Na ch blocking anti=epileptic drug
-nose nets |
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Term
| What causes equine motor neuron dz? Physiology? |
|
Definition
-dietary deficiency of bit E
=affects motor neurons in ventral horn & brainstem |
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Term
| Which animals are most commonly affected by equine motor neuron dz? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two forms of equine motor neuron dz? |
|
Definition
-subacute form
-chronic form |
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Term
| Describe the subacute form of equine motor neuron dz? |
|
Definition
-trembling, muscle fasciculations
-base-narrow stance
-shifting wt in rear limbs
-abnormal sweating
-em atrophy
-wt loss w/ ravenous ppetite
-low head carriage
-m wasting in quads, triceps, & gluteals |
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Term
| Describe the chronic form of equine motor neuron dz. |
|
Definition
-poor performance
-gait abnormalities like stringhalt
-failure to gain wt
-m atrophy mild to severe |
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Term
| What leads to chronic vit E deficiency? |
|
Definition
| -no access to quality forage or green grass for long time |
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Term
| Describe the pathophys behind equine motor neuron dz. |
|
Definition
-denervation m atrophy
-free radical damage |
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Term
| How do we diagnose equin emotor neuron dz? |
|
Definition
| -biopsy of sacrocaudalis dorsalis m |
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Term
| What are some major differentials for equine motor neuron dz? |
|
Definition
-laminitis
-rhabdomyolysis
-colic
-botulism
-EPM
-PSSM |
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Term
| HOw do we treat equine motor neuron dz? |
|
Definition
-none effective
-acutely: steroids, DMSO, vit E
-full recovery unlikely b/c neuronal death is permanent |
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Term
| HOw do we prevent equine motor neuron dz? |
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Definition
| -supplement vit E if horses have no access to high quality hay or grass |
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Term
| What is the prognosis of equine motor neuron dz? |
|
Definition
-poor for return to performance
-gaurded for life |
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Term
| What are the other nambes for hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy? |
|
Definition
-neonatal maladjustment syndrome
-dummy foals |
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Term
| What causes hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy? |
|
Definition
| -hypoxia due to complicated pregnancy or labor |
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Term
| How common is hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy? |
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Definition
| -2nd most common cause of death in neonates after sepsis |
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Term
| What is the basic mechanism of asphyxia due to hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy? |
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Definition
| -insufficient oxygen to fetal/neonatal CNS resulting in hemorrhage, edema, and necrosis |
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Term
| Which fetal reflexes dec due to hypoxia? |
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Definition
-fetal HR fails to inc w/ stimulus
-fetal breathing slows
-genealized fetal movements dec
-fetal tone dec |
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Term
| What occurs when a hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy foal is born? |
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Definition
-immediate resuscitation may be necessary
-FOAL MAY BE NORMAL FOR FIRST 72H
-owner w/ notice that it nurses everything except dam & has milk face |
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Term
| What are the CS of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy? |
|
Definition
-suckle reflex first to go & last to return
-barker foal
-disorientation
-blindness
-sizures
-hypotonia, coma, death |
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Term
| How do we treat hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy? |
|
Definition
-try to maintain tissue perfusion & O2 delivery
-fluids
-pressors to maintain BP
-free radical scavengers: DMSO
-thiamine
-Mg
-abx; most are FPT & septic
-seizure control |
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Term
| What are some important points to remember w/ hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy? |
|
Definition
-other organ systems are also affected: GI & kidneys
-see electrolyte derangements
-frequent episodes of hypoxia occur thus need IN O2 +/- resp stimlation (caffeine) |
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Term
| What is the prognosis of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy? |
|
Definition
-good to excellent if conditions is tx early & foal is term
-dec w/ delayed or insufficient tx & concurrent problems (premature or septic) |
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Term
| What are the high points of temperohyoid osteoarthropathy? |
|
Definition
-can look like vestibular dz
-can have rapid clinicla onset
-can be dx via endoscopy of GP
tx = seratohyoidectomy |
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