Term
| What are the goals of the equine neuro exam? |
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Definition
-does a neuro problem exist
-anatomically localize the problem
-determine what further diagnostic are necessary |
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Term
| What are the five components of equine neuro exam? |
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Definition
-head & mental status: CN
-gait & posture
-neck & forelimbs
-trunk & hindlimbs
-tail & anus |
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Term
| What are some examples of neuro equine behavior? |
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Definition
-head pressing
-compulsive wandering
-circling
-changes in vocalization
-compulsive licking
-aggressiveness
-continual yawning
-standing near wall
-reluctant to back out of trailer |
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Term
| HOw do we categorize mental status? |
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Definition
-level of awareness or consciousness seen through response to environment
-coma, semi-coma, stupor, obtundation, somolence, deliriousness, lethargy, depression |
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Term
| What is the most typical cause of head tilt in the horse? |
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Definition
-vestibular dz
-muzzle stays on midline |
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Term
| What is the most typical cause of head and neck deviation in the horse? |
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Definition
-cerebral lesion
-muzzle deviates from median plane |
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Term
| What is the most typical cause of intention tremors in the horse? |
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Definition
-cerebellar
-a big deal in foals |
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Term
| What is CNI? How do we test it? |
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Definition
-olfactory nerve
-normal if eating normally |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-menace, blink
-obstacle course |
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Term
| True or False: Absence of menace confirms lack of vision. Explain. |
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Definition
-FALSE, does NOT confirm blindness
-can occur w/ facial n paralysis, diffuse cerebellar d
-too young of animal |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What happens if CN III is hurt due to head trauma? |
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Definition
| -progressive pupillary dilation warrants grave prognosis |
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Term
| What do you see if CN III is injured? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is CN IV? What do you see if CN IV is injured? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is CN V? What does it do? |
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Definition
-Trigeminal
-sensory to face & motor to mm of mastication |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the presentation of CN VII issue? |
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Definition
-ipsilateral: eay and eyelid droop
-contralateral: muzzle deviation |
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Term
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Definition
-vestibulocochlear
-cochlear: hearing
-vestibular: balance |
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Term
| What are the signs of CN VIII damage? |
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Definition
-nystagmus w/ fast phase away from lesion
-head tilt toward lesion |
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Term
| How do we detect compensation for CN VIII in the horse? |
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Definition
| -Rhomberg test: cover eyes w/ blindfold |
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Term
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Definition
-Glossopharyngeal
-sensory base of tongue + motor pharynx |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -scope for left laryngeal hemiplegia |
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Term
| How do we test for CN XI? |
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Definition
| -Grimace response aka cervicofacial reflex |
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Term
| Study the Mayhew system & ID videos on exam |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the components of neurologically abnormal gate? |
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Definition
-weakness
-ataxia: many manifestations |
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Term
| HOw do we evaluate the gait? |
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Definition
-asymmetry of stride: walk in line w/ them
-walk up & down a slope
-walk w/ head elevated & extended: shows dynamic neck lesion
-+/- blindfold
-turn loose in a pen |
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Term
| What suggests weakness in a horse? |
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Definition
-dragging of limbs, abnormal hoof wear, low arc to swing phase of stride
-trembling in wt bearing limb, collapse
-circling, incline/decline, head elevation: inc stumbling, knuckling
-tail pull: easy to pull animal to side |
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Term
| How can you easily differentiate UMN & LMN dz via tail pull? |
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Definition
-LMN: weak thus can pull off balance while still AND walking
-UMN: pull off balance while walking ONLY |
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Term
| What do we see w/ equine ataxia? |
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Definition
-unconscious, general proprioceptive deficit causing poor coordination when moving
-swaying of pelvis, trunk, body
-adduction or abduction of foot, crossing of limbs, stepping on opposite foot (most noticeabel in circles)
-circumduction
-hyper/hypometria when incline/head elevation
-pivoting on affected limb when circling
-seen during transitioning
-placement tests |
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Term
| What is hypermetria? What does it indicate? |
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Definition
-overreaching of limbs w/ excessive joint movement
-spinocerebellar or cerebellar lesion |
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Term
| What is hypometria? What does it indicate? |
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Definition
-stiff movement of limbs w/ litt joint flexion
-hooves slap flat on the ground
-indicates descending motor or ascending spinocerebellar pathways |
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Term
| Recumbent patient + flaccid limb = what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Recumbent patient + spatic limb = what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which lesions will cause an exaggerated spinal reflex? |
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Definition
-lesion cranial to C6
-easily confused w/ angry horse behavior |
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Term
| Where is the lesion if signs only in trunk & PL? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some examples of lesions causing flaccid tail? |
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Definition
| -sacrococcygeal spinal cord, nerves, or mm |
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Term
| What are some lesions causing dec tail movement? |
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Definition
| -cranial to coccygeal segment |
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Term
| If perineal reflex gone, where is the lesion? |
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Definition
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