Term
| LOOK AT TOOTH ERUPTION TIMES ON SLIDE 3/4 |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the nose relate to GI dz? |
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Definition
| -they use their tongue to clean their nose thus if nose is dirty it indicates oral dz |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the tongue? |
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Definition
-prehensile in cattle
-not in Ov, Cap, llamas |
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Term
| What is the composition of salivary glands in cows? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do we rarely see a hyperkalemia w/ cows off feed? |
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Definition
| -it is secreted in saliva |
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Term
| What are the forestomach? Stomach? |
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Definition
-forestomachs: reticulum, rumen, omasum
-stomach: abomasum |
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Term
| What makes up the ecosystem of the rumen? |
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Definition
-substrate: feed/water/saliva
-microbes: bacteria/protozoa
-byproducts: VFA/protein/gas |
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Term
| How does the ecosystem of the rumen change? |
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Definition
-microbe pop dep on substrates taken in
-byproducts dep on microbes |
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Term
| Is rumen aerobic or anaerobic? How does the osmolality of the rumen relate to that of the serum? |
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Definition
-anaerobic
-osmolality < serum |
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Term
| How does the diet alter the rumen flora? |
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Definition
-mostly grain: gram + > gram -
-mostly roughage: gram - > gram + |
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Term
| What is the typical pH of cellulolytic diet? Amylolytic? |
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Definition
-cellulolytic (forage): pH: 6.5-7.5
-amylolytic: pH 5.5-6.5 |
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Term
| What is the primary E src in the cow? Protein source? |
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Definition
-E src: VFA's
-protein src: microbes |
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Term
| At what age does a calf become a functional ruminant? Anything required in the diet? |
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Definition
-6w
-diet must contian roughage, dep on VFA's
-develops faster on grian diet |
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Term
| What controls rumen motility? |
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Definition
-gastric center: medulla
-vagus n: stim (90% sensory)
-splanchnic n: inh |
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Term
| What are some excitatory stimuli for rumen motility? |
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Definition
-feeding
-moderate rumen distension
-dec abomasal pH |
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Term
| What are some inhibitory stimuli for rumen motility? |
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Definition
-inc VFA's
-abomasal distention
-severe rumen distention
-pyrexia, pain |
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Term
| What is the rate of rumen motility? |
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Definition
-3 in 2 mins
-primary= mixing (2 of the 3)
-secondary = eructation (1 of the 3) |
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Term
| What is the function of esophageal groove in calves? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the significance of esophageal groove? |
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Definition
-esophageal feeder/tube: would go into rumen (fine if warm enough)
-rumen drinking: crhonic diarrhea + poor doer
-cold water erythrolysis: hemoglobinuria |
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Term
| How is the esophageal groove stimulated? |
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Definition
-oral CuSO4 & bicarb
0IV vasopressin |
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Term
| What kinds of receptors are in the wall of the reticulum? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the functions of the reticulum? |
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Definition
-eructation
-sorting & mixing |
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Term
| What are some common clinical entities w/ bovine reticulum? |
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Definition
-hardware dz
-bloat
-vagal indigestion |
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Term
| What are the functions of the omasum? |
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Definition
-transport of ingesta: pump
-sieve-strain out long fibers |
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Term
| What are some common clinical entities w/ bovine omasum? |
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Definition
-omasal canal obstruciton
-denervation: vagal indigestion |
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Term
| The abomasum is the true glandular stomach. Why? |
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Definition
-HCl & pepsinogen
-protein digestion
-pN 2-3
-torus pylurus |
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Term
| What are some of the common clinical entities w/ bovine omasum? |
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Definition
-DA's in dairy cattle
-ulcers
-vagal indigestion
-LSA |
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Term
| Describe the omentum in bovine. What does it do? |
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Definition
-greater & lesser: well developed pouch (supraomental bursa)where SI & LI live
-protective against widespread peritonitis |
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Term
| How long is the SI in bovine? Ovine? Equine? |
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Definition
-bovine 130 ft
-ovine: 80 ft
-equine: 65 ft |
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Term
| Describe the mesentery in the cow. |
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Definition
-short & fat
-difficult to exteriorize
-protective against ischemia |
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Term
| Describe the LI in the cow. |
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Definition
-large distensible cecum
-complex spiral colon
-30 ft long |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the LI in the cow? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do we examine the strata of the rumen? Motility? |
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Definition
-external palpation
-auscultaiton |
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Term
| What do we examine in regards to forestomach w/ rectal? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do we examine the abomasam? |
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Definition
-percussion: look for air ping
-succession: look for splash
-ballotement: look for bump
-rectal
-abdominal contour
-U/S
-abomasocentesis
-rumen chloride |
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Term
| What is usually behind completely lacking stool? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the options for fecal quality. |
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Definition
-normal
-liquid
-dry
-fiber length: too long or too short |
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Term
| What are some options for stuff in the feces? |
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Definition
-hematochezia (frank)
-melena (digested)
-mucus
-ucosa/casts
-sand |
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Term
| What is indicated by parietal (dull) pain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is indicated by visceral (sharp) pain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does parietal pain look like in cattle? |
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Definition
| -arched back, tensed facial features, don't want to walk around, push nose against things, teeth grinding |
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Term
| What are some examples of parietal pain? |
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Definition
-paritonitis: hardware, ulcers
-lymphoma |
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Term
| What are some causes of visceral (colic) pain? |
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Definition
-intestinal distension
-tension on mesentery: intussucseption, mesenteric volvulus, cecocolic volvulus, hemorrhagic bowel syndrome |
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Term
| What often mimics parietal pain in cattle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What often mimics visceral pain in cattle? |
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Definition
| -urogenital dz: urolithiasis, pyelonephritis, uterine torsion |
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Term
| How can we test for abdominal pain on PE? |
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Definition
-pinch back and listen for grunt
-feel near reticulum: painful
-push on epaxial mm: will tense or move away from hand |
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Term
| What can cause abdominal distention? |
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Definition
-flatus
-feed
-feces
-fluid
-fetus
-fat |
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Term
| Where can abdominal distension occur anatomically? |
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Definition
-rumen
-abomasum
-intetine
-peritoneum
-uterus |
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Term
| LISTEN TO SLIDE 49 ON MOODLE |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the camelid stomach. |
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Definition
-pseudoruminant
-compartment1: like rumen
-compartment 2: reticulum + omasum
-copartment 3: stubular stomach, aglandular cranially |
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Term
| Do camelids have a spiral colon? Anything special about it? |
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Definition
-yes
-different layers connected by fibrous bands |
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Term
| What are the non-specifc signs of GI dysfunction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some more specific CS of GI dysfunction? |
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Definition
-dysphagia
-oral/facial masses or growths
-oral erosions & ulcers
-abdominal pain (parietal vs visceral)
-abdominal distention: bloat/vagal/intestinal accidents
-altered fecal character |
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Term
| What are some issues that can cause wt loss in cattle? |
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Definition
-dec feed available
-dec appetite
-inc demand: sepsis
-dec assimilation: Johnne's |
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Term
| What is necessary for cattle euphagia? |
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Definition
-appetite
-mobility: feet & limbs
-prehension: neck, jaws, tongue
-mastication: teeth, tongue, pharynx, jaws
-deglutition: tongue, pharynx, esphagus |
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Term
| What are some reasons for anorexia due to not wanting to eat in a cow? |
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Definition
-generlized illness or depression
-prehensile pain: jaw, tongue, teeth, oral mucosa |
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Term
| What are some reasons for anorexia due to inability to eat in a cow? |
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Definition
-dysphagia
-neck, feet, or leg pain |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of dysphagia? |
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Definition
-repeated attempts to swallow
-ptyalism
-quidding: dropping food
-appear to choke on food
-feed in nares
-feed packed in cheeks
-regurge |
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Term
| What are some causes of dysphagia due to pain? |
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Definition
-trauma
-infalmmation
-ulceration |
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Term
| What are some causes of dysphagia due to obstruction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some causes of dysphagia due to neuromuscular disorder? |
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Definition
| -altered innervation/contractility: Listeria for example |
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Term
| What are some causes for oropharyngeal dysphagia? |
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Definition
-FB
-trauma: pharynx
-lumpy jaw
-wooden tongue
-necrotic stomatitis
-dental dz
-mandibular fracture
-erosion and ulceration
-cleft palate |
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Term
| What are some causes of esophageal dysphagia? |
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Definition
-FB
-trauma: tubing
-stricture
-esophagitis: hypoderma
-intraluminal/extraluminal mass
-motility defect: megaesophagus
-congenital defect: PRAA |
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Term
| What are some causes of neuromuscular dysphagi? |
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Definition
-rabies
-listeriosis
-tetanus
-botulism
-tick paralysis
-WMD |
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Term
| What clinical signs indicate the necessity for gloves on a bovine oral exam? |
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Definition
-caudal paresis
-bellowing
-yawning
-aggressive behavior
-tenesmus |
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Term
| What do we look at for dysphagia exam from a distance? |
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Definition
-mentation/ambulation: RABIES
-abdominal contour: bloat
-offer feedd and water, then watch |
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