Term
| What are the three stages of labor? What occurs in each? |
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Definition
-Stage 1: cervical dilation
-Stage 2: expulsion of fetus
-Stage 3: expulsion of membranes |
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Term
| What begins stage 1 of parturition? What ends it? How long does it last? |
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Definition
-begins with the first uterine contractions
-ends when cervix is dilated and fetus enters birth canal
-lasts 2-6 hours (longer in heifers) |
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Term
| What begins stage II of parturition? How long does it last? |
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Definition
-begins when fetus enters birth canal to stimulate abdominal press
-delivery should be completed within 2 hours after the amnion appears |
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Term
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Definition
-the relationship of the spinal axis of the fetus to that of the dam, and that portion coming towards the birth canal
-either longitudinal (anterior/posterior) or transverse (dorsal/ventral) |
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Term
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Definition
| -the relationship to the dorsum of the fetus in a longitudinal presentation, or the head in transverse presentation, to the quadrants of the maternal pelvis |
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Term
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Definition
| -the relation of the head, neck, and limbs to the body of the calf |
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Term
| What are some of the causes of difficulty progressing into stage II labor in the cow? |
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Definition
--breech
-uterine torsion
-hypocalcemia: dairy
-uterine rupture: twins
-transverse presentation: dorsal |
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Term
What is the typical cause of difficulty progressing int stage II in the following species:
a) mare
b) sow
c) ewe/doe
d) bitch |
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Definition
a) uterine torsion
b) uterine inertia
c) breech (transverse: dorsal)
d) uterine inertia |
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Term
| Describe the pathophysiology of uterine torsion. |
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Definition
-broad ligament attachments on the maternal side
-uterine instability
-inc abdominal space, when she gets up
-dec uterine tone
-inc fetal movement in late gestation |
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Term
| How do we diagnose uterine torsion? |
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Definition
| -on rectal palpation: tight broad ligament bands pass laterally across the uterus |
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Term
| At which point do uterine torsions become a clinical problem? |
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Definition
-over 90 deg become clinical
-180 or less are most common
-360 deg causes strangulation |
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Term
| How do we manually treat uterine torsion? How do we surgically treat uterine torsion? |
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Definition
-manual: rotation of fetus per vagina, rolling the cow, suspending hind legs
-surgical: laparotomy/C-section |
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Term
| How long does stage III labor take in a cow? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -difficulty in labor when any stage is prolonged or impeded |
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Term
| At which point of elongation of the first stage of labor should we intervene? |
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Definition
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Term
| At which point of elongation of the second stage of labor should we intervene? |
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Definition
-after 2-3 hours of second stage if progress is slow or absent
-longer in heifers |
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Term
| What can we use for lubrication during labor? |
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Definition
-Liquid soap: requires frequent application and may be irritating
-Mineral oil: good lubricant but may cause endometrial granulomas
-Expanding polymers: good lubricant, not irritating, requires frequent application
-Petroleum jelly: used to fetotomy, dilation of the birth canal, and difficult extractions |
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Term
| What do you do if the cervix stays closed during labor? |
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Definition
-manual dilation
-episiotomy
-C-section |
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Term
| How do we alter fetal position to facilitate the passage of the hips and stifles? |
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Definition
| -rotate into a partial dorso-ileal position |
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Term
| What complications can occur with posterior presentation? |
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Definition
-inc rate of dystocia
-against the grain of the hair
-stag II is shorter: not really a bad thing
-space for extension of posterior limbs is limited
-compression of the abdomen causes the expansion of the chest
-had engaes the birth canal abruptly |
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Term
| What is our goal of manageing a posterior presentation? |
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Definition
| -complete delivery as rapidly as possible after hips have passed the vulva to prevent asphyxiation |
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Term
| What are the benefits of fetotomy? |
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Definition
-rapid reduction in size of the fetus facilitates safe delivery per vaginum
-the dam is not subjected to abdominal surgery
-quick recovery time
-condition of the dam is more stable compared with a C-section
-trauma and pain from prolonged extractive devices are avoided |
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Term
| What are some of the contributing factors to uterine prolapse in a postparturient cow? |
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Definition
-dec uterine activity
-Primary: hypocalcemia, dec prostaglandin and oxytocin receptors
-Secondary: physical exhaustion
-continuing tenesmus: dystocia, RFM, lacerations, delayed involution
-Recumbency: paralysis/hypocalcemia, inc antrabdominal pressure |
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Term
| What are the common complications of uterine prolapse? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two approaches to uterine amputation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an open uterine amputation? What is the advantage of this approach? |
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Definition
| -incising the uterine body and locating and ligation of major uterine vessels |
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