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Exam 3
Preparturient problems in Cows
58
Veterinary Medicine
Professional
10/31/2016

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Cards

Term
What hormone starts parturition? Where does it come from?
Definition
-fetal cortisol
-fetus
Term
How does fetal cortisol begin parturition?
Definition
-activates enzyme system that converts P4 to E2
-this E2 causees release of uterine PGF2a and inc uterine oxytocin Rc
Term
What does PGF2a causes during parturition?
Definition
-luteolysis
-inc uterine contractility
-softening of the cervix
-relaxation of sacrosciatic ligaments
Term
What maintains bovine pregnancy for the first 5m? What do we administer to abort?
Definition
-CL
-adin PGF2a only
Term
What maintains pregnancy from 5m to 8m in the cow? What do we administer to abort?
Definition
-placenta
-admin PGF2a and corticosteroids
Term
What maintains pregnancy from 8m to term in the cow?
Definition
0CL
Term
True or FAlse: Intact fetoplacental unit is necessary for inducing abortion between 5 and 8 months in the cow. What do we administer?
Definition
-TRUE
-prostaglandins + corticosteroids
Term
What are the 4 most common bovine gestational emergencies?
Definition
-fetal mummification
-fetal maceration
-dropsy
-vaginal prolapse
Term
When during bovine gestation does fetal mummification occu? What causes it?
Definition
-3-8m
-incomplete regression of CL (inducing abortion or using MLV vx)
Term
Does mummification cause an infection?
Definition
-NO
Term
What are the clinical signs of bovine mummification?
Definition
-ANESTRUS
Term
How do we diagnose bovine mummification?
Definition
-history of failing to calve
0anestrus
-palpation: hard mass, uterus feels tight around calf, fetal remnant, CL
0US
Term
How do we treat bovine mummification?
Definition
-postaglandins if less than 5 months epeated
-infuse uterus with saline
-estrogen followed by prostaglandins
-C-section in valuable animals
-manual removal after hormones if possible
Term
What is the cow's breeding prognosis psot-mummification?
Definition
-good
Term
Describe the physiology that leads to fetal maceration.
Definition
-fetal death => closed cervix => autolized fetus => acterial digestion => fetal bones
Term
What are the clinicls signs of acute cases fo bovine fetal maceration?
Definition
-fetid, reddish-gray watery discharge
-septicemic signs
Term
What are the clinical signs of chronic cases of bovine fetal maceration?
Definition
-reddish-gray, mucopurulent disharge with gradual weight lsos
Term
How do we diagnose bovine fetal maceration?
Definition
-vaginal speculum
-rectal palpation
-US
Term
How do we treat bovine fetal maceration with septicemia?
Definition
-antibiotics (Florfenicol) + oral/IV fluids + NSAIDs
Term
How do we treat chronic cases of bovine fetal maceration?
Definition
-prostaglandins + uterine lavage + vaginal removal of autlyzed fetus
Term
HOw do we handle to cow in regards to cases of bovine maceration?
Definition
-should be culled or salvaged
Term
What is the breeding prognosis of a cow after a case of fetal maceration?
Definition
-poor
-due to chronic endometiral damage with scar tissue
Term
What are the two forms of dropsy?
Definition
-hydramnios and hydrallantois
Term
What is hydramnios?
Definition
-hydrops of the amnion
Term
What should the amniotic fluid look like? Volume? How is it regulated?
Definition
-clear, colorless, and mucoid in nature
-normal volume is 5-6 liters
-regulated by fetal swallowing
Term
Describe the amniotic environment with hydramnios in the cow.
Definition
-genetic or congenitally defective fetus
25-150 liters of fluid
-cow takes on a pear-shaped abdomen
Term
How do we diagnose hydramnios in cattle?
Definition
-history of gradual onset of abnormal abdominal enlargement
-palpable placentomes
-US to rule out twins
Term
When do we usually diagnose hydramnios in cattle?
Definition
-at the time of parturition
Term
How do we treat hydramnios in cattle?
Definition
-induce abortion/parturition
-most of the time diagnosis is at the time of parturition
Term
What is the breeding prognosis of cow after case of hydramnios?
Definition
-good
Term
What does normal allantoic fluid look like in the cow? Normal volume?
Definition
-clear, watery, and amber-colored
-colelcts fetal urine carried by the umbilical cord via the urachus
-normal volume about 10 liters
Term
What is the typical age of a cow with hydrallantois?
Definition
->3y of age
Term
What is the physiologic cause of hydrallantois in cows?
Definition
-abnormal placentation = cannot filter what is in the allantoic cavity to enter maternal circulation for excretion
Term
What fetal abnormalities are seen with hydrallantois?
Definition
-cystic kidneys and hydronephrosis
Term
What are the clinical signs of hydrallantois in the cow?
Definition
-rapid onset with distension
-usually occurs during last month of gestation
-eventually dyspenic
-advanced cases = down
-abdomen is barrel-shaped
Term
What do we feel on palpation of bovine hydrallantois?
Definition
-uterus greatly distended
-no placentomes palpable
-fetus may be palpated
Term
What is the prognosis with bovine hydrallantois? Treatment?
Definition
-guarded
-salvage is recommended
Term
What conditions does hydrallantois predispose the cow to?
Definition
-uterine rupture
-rupture of pre-pubic tendon and ventral herniation
Term
HOw do we treat bovine hydrallantois?
Definition
-prostaglandins and dexamethasone
-supportive therapy with fluids
-aggressive antibiotics
-NO C-SECTIONS
Term
What is the cause of dystocia with bovine hydrallantois?
Definition
-uterine inertia
Term
How frequently do we see vaginal eversion or prolapse?
Definition
-common
-beef > dairy
Term
Which beef breeds are predisposed to vaginal prolapse?
Definition
-Herefords, Charolais, Limousin, and Shorthorns
Term
What are some of the factors leading to vaginal prolapse in the cow (there are a lot)?
Definition
-inc intra-abdominal pressure
-extreme cold weather
-excess perivaginal fat
-poorly digestible hay
-prior vaginal injury
-incompetent constrictor vestibulor and vulvar muscles
-congenital: persistance of the medial walls of the mullerian ducts
-inc estrogen leels in later pregnancy and in estrus
-Ca/P imbalance in late pregnancy
-Open: embryo donor animals
-Open: follcualr cysts
Term
Describe the pathogenesis of bovine vaginal prolapse?
Definition
-progressive
-exposure of the vaginal mucous membrane
-prolapses and reduces as the cow gets up and lies down
-exposed membranes dry out, become irritated
-leads to straining and greater exposure
-tossie becp,es ede,atpis
-further circulatory impairment and swelling
0cervix and bladder involvement
-chronic
Term
What are the possible classifications of vaginal prolapses?
Definition
-GRade 1-4
-recto-vaginal
-cervico-vaginal
Term
Describe a grade 1 vaginal prolapse in a cow. How do we repair it?
Definition
-small protrusion of vaginal mucosa throgh vulvar lips when lying down and reduces then standing
-repaired by retention sutures
Term
Describe a grade 2 vaginal prolapse in a cow.
Definition
-continuous protrusion
-possibility of urinary bladder entrapment
Term
Describe a grade 3 vaginal prolapse in a cow.
Definition
-entire vaginal mucosa and cervix protrusion through vulvar lips and urinary bladder is trapped
-exposed cervical plug
-bacterial contamination of uterus = abortion
-fetal emphysema = maceration
Term
Describe a grade 4 vaginal prolapse in a cow.
Definition
-entire vaginal mucosa necrotic and fibroses
0dry in summer & frost bite in witner
-peritonitis possible and urinary bladder is involved
Term
In which breeds do we commonly see cervico-vaginal prolapse?
Definition
-Bos indicus breeds, Santa Gertrudis, and Beef masters
Term
What is the objective of treatment and prevention of vaginal prolapse in the cow?
Definition
-replace, deliver, and wean a live calf
-releive tenesmus
-replace and retain the vagina within the pelvic canal
Term
What should we encourage with a non-pregnant vaginal prolapse in a cow?
Definition
-culling due to heritability of the condition
Term
What are our short term treatment options with vaginal prolapse in a cow?
Definition
-simple caslicks
-Buhner stitch
-Bootlace
-horizontal mattress
0deep vertical mattess
Term
What are our permanent treatment options with vaginal prolapse in a cow?
Definition
-minchev vaginopexy
-modified Minchev vaginopexy
-Winkler cervicopexy
Term
How do we perform a Caslicks in a vaginally prolapsed cow?
Definition
-for non irritated grade 1 or non pregnant cows
-use absorbable suture if pregnant
Term
What is the disadvantage to treating bovine vaginal prolapse with Buhner stitch?
Definition
-unforgiving if assistance not available at calving
-causes permanent scar tissue, rpedisposing to dystocia
Term
Is a Caslick's or a Bootlace stronger as treatment for bovine vaginal prolapse?
Definition
-Bootlace: vulva will invert but must be loosened before calving
Term
How does a horizontal mattress change the confirmation of the vulvar lips? How do we prevent it?
Definition
-everts them
-use stents
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