Term
| Wehre does the esophagus sit anatomically? |
|
Definition
-dorsal to trachea
-left of midline |
|
|
Term
| What is the most cranial sphincter of the esophagus called? The caudal one? |
|
Definition
-cricopharyngeal sphincter
-caudal esophageal sphincter |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the causes of esophageal gas? |
|
Definition
-aerophagia
-swallowing
-sedation
-anesthesia |
|
|
Term
| What is the preferred modality for evaluation of the esophagus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do we always do before the administration of contrast? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the indications for a contrast esophagram? |
|
Definition
-dysphagia
-regurgitation
-suspected foreign bodies
-strictures
-masses
-diverticuli
-esophagus perforation/fistula |
|
|
Term
| What type of contrast do you use if you suspect an esophageal perforation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of esophageal diseases? |
|
Definition
-megaesophagus
-foreign bodies
-esophageal strictures and masses
-esophageal perforation and fistulas
-hiatal disease |
|
|
Term
| Describe the radiographic appearance of megaesophagus. |
|
Definition
-enlarged esophagus in which all or only part of the esophagus is visualized
-usually gas filled, but may be filled with fluid or ingesta
-gas present dorsal to trachea near the thoracic inlet
-thin nearly parallel soft tissue structures in the causal thorax
-ventral displacement of the trachea
-widened radiolucent cranial mediastinum on the VD view |
|
|
Term
| In which breeds is generalized megaesophagus heritable? In which breed is it common? |
|
Definition
-Fox Terrier and Miniature Schnauzner
-German Shepard |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common clinical finding of generalized megaesophagus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a common sequella of generalized megaesophagus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the radiographic appearance of an esophageal foreign body? |
|
Definition
-often rigid in structure
-may have sharp or angular margins
-often radiopaque
-a foreign body of soft tissue opacity may appear similar to a mass
-C6 commonly mistakenfor a bone foreign body
-possible esophageal dilation
-may have persistent air in the esophagus
-possible esophageal rupture |
|
|
Term
| Where are the common locations to find an esophageal foreign body? |
|
Definition
-cranial cervical region
-thoracic inlet
-heart base
-cranial to esophageal hiatus |
|
|
Term
| What abnormalities will you see on an esophgram with an esophageal foreign body? |
|
Definition
-esophageal dilation
-filling defect |
|
|
Term
| From what does the vascular ring anomalies arise? |
|
Definition
-originate from the embryologic arches
-congenital |
|
|
Term
| What do vascular ring anomalies cause? |
|
Definition
-segmental megaesophagus
-dilation cranial to the vascular contriction
-usually present at weaning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -persistent right aortic arch |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common type of the vascular ring anomaly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some less common vascular ring anomalies? |
|
Definition
-double aortic arch
-aberrant right subclavian
-aberrant right ligamentum arterioussu |
|
|
Term
| What can cause acquired esophageal strictures? |
|
Definition
-secondary to trauma or inflamamtion which leads to scarring and narrowing of the lumen
-gradual progression of clinical signs |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose acquired esophageal strictures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are esophageal masses common or uncommon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some of the causes of esophageal masses? |
|
Definition
-inflammatory, benign, or malignant
-spirocerca lupi: granuloma may transformm into a sarcoma, osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, fibrosarcoma |
|
|
Term
| What are the radiographic findings seen with an esophageal perforation? |
|
Definition
-cellulitis and/or abscess formation
-cervical swelling
-cervical gas
-pneumothorax
-persistant esphageal gas of fluid
-mediastinal widening
-pneumomediastinum
-pleural effusion |
|
|
Term
| What kind of contrast do we use for esophageal perforations? Why? |
|
Definition
-iodinated contrast
-will not cause mediastinitis and increased morbidity |
|
|
Term
| What is a fistula? What are the types of esophageal fistulas? |
|
Definition
-tube that connects the esophagus to the resp tract
-esophagotracheal, esophagobronchial, esophagopulmonary |
|
|
Term
| What kind of contrast do we use for esophageal fistulas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does hiatal disease look like on radiographs? |
|
Definition
| -variable sized soft tissue mass effect in the caudodorsal thorax which is continuous with the diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of hiatal disease? |
|
Definition
-sliding hiatal hernia
-periseophageal hiatal hernia
-diaphragmatic hernia
-gastroesophageal intussusception |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common type of hiatal disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which dog breeds are predisposed to sliding hiatal hernia? |
|
Definition
| -Sharpei and brachycephalic breeds |
|
|
Term
| What is a sliding hiatal hernia? |
|
Definition
| -cardia and fundus herniate into the thorax |
|
|
Term
| What is a periesophageal hiatal hernia? |
|
Definition
-cardia and fundus of stomach herniate through or alongside the esophageal hiatus
-stomach is positioned adjacent to the caudal esophagus
-causes a partial obstruction of the terminal esophagus |
|
|
Term
| What is a gastroesophageal inussusception? |
|
Definition
-congenital megaesophagus may predispose
-stomach invaginates into the caudal esophagus, other organs may also follow stomach into the esophaus |
|
|
