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Exam 3
PP 24
42
Veterinary Medicine
Professional
04/30/2016

Additional Veterinary Medicine Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What are the 3 parts of the bladder?
Definition
-apex, body, neck
Term
What opacity is the bladder?
Definition
-soft tissue
Term
What are some of the signs seen with a distended bladder and what are some of the causes?
Definition
-small bowel displaced cranially
-may be normal in housebroken animals, secondary to trauma, congenital defects, or lower urinary tract obstruction, disc herniation
Term
What are some of the causes of a small bladder?
Definition
-usually a post-evac bladder
-could be non-distensible: severe cystitis, neoplasia
Term
What are some of the causes of pathological changes of bladder shape?
Definition
-loss of bladder tone and spasm
-neoplasia
-obstruction (turgid appearing)
Term
What are some of the causes of cranial bladder displacement?
Definition
-can be normal in a cat
-prostate or uterine disease
Term
What are some of the causes of caudal bladder displacement?
Definition
-perineal hernias or abdominal masses
Term
What are some of the causes of ventral bladder displacement?
Definition
-distal colon and rectal distention
-uterine enlargement
-hernia
Term
What are some of the causes of dorsal bladder displacement?
Definition
-really just abdominal mass
Term
What are some of the explanations for the lack of bladder visibility radiographically? What do we do next?
Definition
-immediately following urination
-with insufficient peritoneal fat
-if overlying structures are silhouetting with the bladder
-improer technique
-rupture
-hernia
-diagnose with positive contrast cystogram
Term
What are the possible causes in mineralization opacity in the baldder?
Definition
-calculi: triple phosphate, calcium, oxalate, and magnesium
-neoplasia: mucosal calcification that is more diffuse/linear
Term
What kinds fo calculi are radiolucent?
Definition
-urate and cystine calculi
Term
What is the usual cause of free luminal gas in the bladder?
Definition
-iatrogenic
Term
What is the usual cause of gas in the bladder wall?
Definition
-emphysematous cystitis secondary to diabetes mellitus (pathognomonic)
Term
What is the purpose of contrast cystography?
Definition
-evaluate size, shape, location, and integrity of the bladder wall
Term
What are some indications of contrast cystography?
Definition
*suspected bladder rupture
*suspect bladder tumor
*chronic cystitis
*radiolucent calculi
-urinary bladder diverticuli
-incontinence
-determine bladder location
-congenital anomalies
-evaluate extent of prostatic/urethral disease
-evaluate lcoation of extrinsic masses
Term
What are the advantages and disadvantages of negative contrast cystography?
Definition
-A: location and shape
-D: not good for mucosal detail and evaluation of luminal filling defects
Term
What are the advantages and disadvantages of positive contrast cystography?
Definition
-A: bladder, shape, location, and integrity
-D: poor for assessing small filling defects and mucosal detail
Term
What is the procedure of choice for bladder wall disease, mucosal changes, and luminal filling defects?
Definition
-double contrast
Term
What do we use for negative contrast media?
Definition
-room air, CO2, NO
Term
What do we use for positive contrast?
Definition
-different formulations of organic ioding
-NEVER BARIUM
Term
How should the normal bladder wall appear on contrast cystography?
Definition
-wall should be no more than 1-2 mm thick and the mucosal surface should be smooth
Term
What are some of the possible complicaitons of contrast cystography?
Definition
-iatrogenic rupture
-inflammation of bladder wall
-iatrogenic infection
-kinked urinary catheter
-air emboli
Term
Where do we see bladder wall thickening due to cystitis?
Definition
-cranioventral aspect of the baldder
Term
Where do we see bladder wall thickening with neoplasia?
Definition
-usually at trigone with irregular mucosal surface
-broad, sessile base
-mineralization
Term
What is the most common neoplasia fund in the bladder?
Definition
-transitional cell carcinoma
Term
What does a diverticulum of the bladder look like on contrast cystography?
Definition
-small protrusion or out-pouching of bladder lumen along cranioventral margin of bladder
-congenital or acquired
-urine retention leads to cystitis
Term
How does a bladder rupture appear on survey rads? On positive contrast cystography?
Definition
-partial or complete loss of bladder visualization with dec in serosal detail
-incomplete distention of bladder with leakage of contrast into the peritoneal cavity
Term
What is the gold standard for dignosing a bladder ruptrue?
Definition
-positive contrast cystography
Term
What is the typical cause of bladder rupture?
Definition
-trauma
-can also be secondary to neoplasia
Term
What diagnostic method is optimal for diagnosing intraluminal filling defects in the bladder? How does it appear? Examples?
Definition
-double contrast cystogram
-intraluminal filling defect is radiolucent when surrounded by contrast
0ex: calculi, blood clots, air bubbles, foreign bodies that gravitate towards the dependent portion of the bladder
Term
Describe the typical location and appearance of calculi in the bladder.
Definition
-central aspect of the pool
-vary in shape
Term
Describe the typical location and appearance of blood clots in the bladder.
Definition
-central and mobile
-irregular borders and more elongated
Term
Describe the typical location and appearance of air bubbles in the bladder.
Definition
-PERIPHERY
-perfectly round with smooth borders
Term
How does the female urethra differ from that of the male?
Definition
-shorter and wider
Term
What are the 3 parts of the male urethra?
Definition
-prostatic urethra: bladder to prostate
-membranous urethra: prostate to ischium
-penile urethra: ischium to urethra
Term
Which part of the male urethra is the widest?
Definition
-membranous urethra
Term
What is a urethrogram? Indications for use?
Definition
-retrograde filling of the urethra with positive ocntrast medium
-dysuria, prostatic disease, urinary obstruction, calculi, hematuria, evaluation of tumor extent
Term
True or False: Vaginourethrography is easier in females than a urethrogram.
Definition
-TURE
Term
What is vaginourethrography?
Definition
-fill vagina with positive contrast and then due to positive pressure will flow into the urethra
Term
What are some possible complications of vaginourethrography?
Definition
-infection
-urethral rupture
-air embolus
Term
What are some signs of urethral disease?
Definition
-filling defects: air bubbles, calculi, neoplasia, inflammatory disease or scar tissue
-extravasation of contrast medium: trauma or tumor
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