Term
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Definition
| -a thin, serous membrane that is divided into parietal, visceral and connecting layers |
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Term
| What is the retroperitoneal space? |
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Definition
-the space b/n the dorsal part of the parietal peritoneum and abdominal wall is the retroperitoneal space
-contains kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, major blood vessels, and lymph nodes |
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Term
| What provides the contrast for organ visualization in the abdomen? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do cats or dogs have more falciform fat and retroperitoneal fat? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some of the causes of partial or complete serosal detail? |
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Definition
-lack of adequate abdominal fat
-mass effect
-peritonitis
-ascites
-neoplastic effusion
-hemorrhage
-bladder rupture
-poor technique: undeerexposure, failing to use a grid, worm out screens |
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Term
| What do we see due to loss of serosal detail on a radiograph? |
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Definition
-haziness
-cannot see the serosal margins of the organs
-the appearance of the abdomen can be homogenous or mottled
-poor visualization of abdominal structures
-can see gas in the SI but cannot see the wall |
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Term
| What does ascites look like radiographically? |
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Definition
-diffuse, homogenous appearance
-uniform opacity
-abdominal distention or pendulous abdomen
-all visceral detail lost
-may still see kidneys because htey are in the retroperitoneal space with fat around them unless the ascites is severe |
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Term
| What are some causes of ascites? |
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Definition
-right heart failure
-hypoproteineia: liver failure, protein losing enteropathy, protein losing nephropathy starvation
-lymph obstruction (rare)
-venous obstruction (rare) |
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Term
| What does peritonitis look like radiographically? |
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Definition
| -loss of serosal dtail that is mottled or granular in appearance |
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Term
| What are some of the causes of peritonitis? |
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Definition
-pancreatitis: can be focal or generalized loss of detail
-rupture of the GI tract
-penetrating wound
-steatitis
-feline infectious peritonitis
-gallbladder rupture |
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Term
| What does hemorrhage look like radiographically? |
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Definition
-loss of serosal detail with a whipped/smudged/mottled in appearance
-LOOK FOR A MASS EFFECT, this may tell you there is a tumor origintaing from an organ that has ruptured |
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Term
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Definition
| -spread of a carcinoma throughout the abdomen |
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Term
| What are two examples of neoplastic effusions? Describe how they appear radiographically. |
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Definition
-Carcinomatosis: inhomogenous, smudged, ill-defined nodular or granular pattern (common in mesentery)
-Lymphosarcoma: may see hepatosplenomegaly, look for mid-abdominal mass effect |
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Term
| What are the three primary causes of a pneumoperitoneum? Which two always equate to a surgical emergency? |
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Definition
1) rupture of a hollow viscus (GI, uterus): emergency surgery
2) external penetrating wound: emergency surgery
3) recent abdominal surgery |
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Term
| What does pneumoperitoneum look like radiographically? |
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Definition
-triangular or linear gas opacities between viscera
-gas outside of the bowel!!!
-easiest to see b/n the liver and diaphragm
-double wall sign of stomach: air inside and outside of stomach |
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Term
| Which radiographic view helps to distinguis small amounts of air in the case of a pneumoperitoneum? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some possible focal calcified bodies in the peritoneal space? |
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Definition
-bates bodies (look like egg shell structures): most often seen in cats
-dystrophic calcification of necrotic mesenteric fat |
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Term
| What are some possible causes of metastatic calcification of abdominal vasculature? |
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Definition
-chronic uremia
-Cushings disease: hyperadrenocorticism
-Vitamin D toxicity |
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Term
| What structures sit in the craniodorsal area of the abdomen? |
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Definition
-caudate and right liver lobes
-left side of the stomach
-right kidney
-adrenals
-pancreas
-lymph nodes |
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Term
| What structures sit in the cranioventral area of the abdomen? |
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Definition
-liver lobes
-body and pylorus of the stomach
-pancreas
-gallbladder |
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Term
| If the stomach is pushed caudally, what shoud be your first thought? |
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Definition
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Term
| What structures are in the central part of the abdomen? |
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Definition
-spleen
-pancreas
-left kidney/ovaries
-lymph nodes
-GI tract |
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Term
| What is the most common mass in the ventral and central portion of the abdomen? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common mass in the dorsal and cental portion of the abdomen? |
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Definition
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Term
| What structures are in the caudodorsal portion of the abdomen? |
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Definition
-terminal colon
-rectum
-sublumbar lymph nodes
-ureters |
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Term
| What mass is commonly seen in the caudodorsal portion of the abdomen? |
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Definition
| -sublumbar lympadenopathy |
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Term
| What structures are seen in the caudoventral portion of the abdomen? |
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Definition
-urinary bladder
-prostate
-uterus
-retained testicle |
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Term
| What structures lie in the right cranial portion of the abdomen on VD? |
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Definition
-right liver lobes
-pylorus
-gallbladder
-pancreas |
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Term
| What structures lie in the left cranial portion of the abdomen on VD? |
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Definition
| -left lateral liver lobes, stomach, spleen |
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Term
| What structures lie in the center of the abdomen on VD? |
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Definition
| -spleen, pancreas, mesenteric LN, GI tract, ovaries, kidneys and adrenal glands |
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Term
| What structures lie in the caudal portion of the abdomen on VD? |
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Definition
| -bladder, prostate, uterus, large bowel, LN |
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Term
| What are the differentials for a mass effect in the abdomen? |
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Definition
| -neoplasia, granuloma, cyst (prostate most commonly affected), hematoma, abscess, inflammation/infection, torsion or obstruction, physiologic enlargement |
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