Term
| What are some synonyms for Bovine Herpesvirus-1? |
|
Definition
-Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)
-rednose
-necrotic rhinitis
-infectious pustular vulvovagnitis (IPV)
-infectious pustular balanoposthetis |
|
|
Term
| bovine Herpes Virus 1 is in which viral family? What kind of herpes virus is it? |
|
Definition
-Herpesviridae
-alphaherpesvirus |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary host of Bovine Herpesvirus-1? |
|
Definition
-beef cattle
-IPV is disease of dairy cattle primarily |
|
|
Term
| Describe the geographical distribution of BHV-1. What about age range? |
|
Definition
-worldwide
-affects cattle of all ages and breeds |
|
|
Term
| Describe th emorbidity and mortality of BHV-1 infections in cattle. |
|
Definition
-high morbidity
-low mortality |
|
|
Term
| True or False: IBR and IPV belong to the same serotype and therefore cannot be differentiated genetically. |
|
Definition
| -FALSE, do belong to the same serotype but can be differentiated genetically |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -primarily by aerosol but also via direct mucosal contact |
|
|
Term
| Describe the respiratory form of Infectious bovine Rhinotracheitis. |
|
Definition
-sudden onset of fever accompanied by profuse nasal and ocular discharge
-discharge becomes mucopurulent with crusting of the discharge around the nares with coughing, inc resp rate, inc lung sounds, and open mouth breathing
-nasal turbinates and nasal mucosa severely inflamed with necrosis, ulceration, and plaques |
|
|
Term
| Describe the mobidity and mortality of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis. |
|
Definition
| -very high morbidity but low mortality |
|
|
Term
| What are the names for the genital form of BHV-1? |
|
Definition
| -infectious pustular vulvovagnitis or infectious pustular balanoposthitis |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of infectious pustular vulvovaginitis? |
|
Definition
-frequent urination, tail switching, slight vaginal discharge, small pustules and small white necrotic areas and ulcers on the vulva and vaginal muca (also on prepuce and penis of bulls)
-abortions in the last trimester of pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs fo the ocular form of BHV-1? Other names? |
|
Definition
-conjunctivitis and projuse lacrimation
-aka winter pinkeye |
|
|
Term
| Which cattle get the systemic form of BHV-1 infection? |
|
Definition
| -newborn calves less than 2w old that have no Ab to BHV-1 |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of systemic BHV-1? |
|
Definition
| -high fever, anorexia, respiratory distress, diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| Describe the mortality of systemic BHV-1? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cattle get the CNS form of bovine herpes encephalitis? |
|
Definition
| -sporadically in yearling and older cattle |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of bovine herpes ecnephalitis? |
|
Definition
| -incoordination, tremor, convulsion, high case fatlity rate |
|
|
Term
| Which strain of bovine herpes is responsible for bovine herpes encephalitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the incubation period of bovine herpes? Do latent infections occur? |
|
Definition
-approx 1 week
-yes causes latent infection |
|
|
Term
| Where does latent bovine herpes hang out? |
|
Definition
| -nuclei of neurons in sensory nerves |
|
|
Term
| In the case of the resp tract, where does latent bovine herpes hang out? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does BHV-1 cause shipping fever? |
|
Definition
| -infected lung macrophages cannot function properly thus allowing bacteria to replicate and cause secondary infections in the upper and lower resp tract |
|
|
Term
| What do we see on the aborted fetuses from BHV-1 infection? |
|
Definition
| -focal disseminated necrotizing hepatitis with intranuclear inclusions |
|
|
Term
| What samples do we collect for BHV-1 diagnosis? |
|
Definition
-live animals: mucosal swabs in transport media
-abortions: submit fresh fetus or fetal liver |
|
|
Term
| Which form of immunity is very important in preventing BHV-1 infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is CMI or humoral immunity more important in fighting BHV-1 infection? |
|
Definition
-CMI more important during recovery
-humoral immunity more important in preventing re-infection |
|
|
Term
| What kinds of vaccines do we have for BHV-1 infections? |
|
Definition
-inactivated and MLV
-MLV is abortogenic and temp sensitive so only owrks in upper resp tract (intranasally and IM) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two names for the disease that bovine leukemia virus causes? |
|
Definition
-Enzootic Bovine Leukosis
-Bovine Lymphosarcome |
|
|
Term
| Bovine Leukemia Virus belongs to viral family ______. What kind of virus is it? |
|
Definition
-Retroviridae
-deltaretrovirus |
|
|
Term
| What is the only animal naturally infected with Bovine Leukemia virus? Which other animal can be experimentally infected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: There is a marked genetic predisposition to BLV in cattle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the source of BLV? |
|
Definition
| -seropositive persistently infected cattle |
|
|
Term
| The highest incidence of BLV lymphosarcoma is in cattle of what ages? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is BLV primarily transmitted? |
|
Definition
| -blood inoculation: tabanids, dehorning, iatrogenically, rectal sleeves |
|
|
Term
| Which cells does BLV infect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Calves are protected by passively acquired immunity to BLV for up to ___ months. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which situation is most conducive for BLV tranmsission? |
|
Definition
| -mingling of heifers with the adult herd is important b/c that is when replacement heifers become infected |
|
|
Term
| What are the two forms of BLV infection? |
|
Definition
-lymphosarcoma
-persistent lymphocytosis |
|
|
Term
| What is the other name for the lymphosarcoma form of BLV? Describe it. |
|
Definition
-enzootic bovine leukosis
-highly fatal systemic malignant neoplasia characterized by the development of aggregations of BLV infected neoplastic lymphocytes in almost any organ |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Cattle affected by the lymphosarcoma form of BLV are both seropositive and PCR positive. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the multicentric form of LSA. What are the resulting clinical signs? |
|
Definition
-tumors are seen in most of the lymph nodes, abomasum, heart, and CNs
-dec appetite, dec milk pdn, WEIGHT LOSS, anemia, diarrhea, melena, hydropericardia, hydrothorax, edema of the brisket, posterior paralysis, protruding eyebals, enlarged superficial LN |
|
|
Term
| Describe the persistent lymphocytosis form of BLV. What are the resulting clinical signs? |
|
Definition
-benighn lymphoproliferative condition seen in some healthy BLV infected cattle
-no overt clinical sign of disease but do have a marked increase in circulating lymmphocytes
-rarely develop LSA |
|
|
Term
| Since cattle affected by the persistent lymphocytosis form of BLV don't usually develop LSA, are they still seropositive and PCR positive for BLV? |
|
Definition
| -YES, ALL BLV infected cattle are seropositive and PCR positive |
|
|
Term
| What are the three forms of sporadic bovine leukosis and which age groups are common with each? |
|
Definition
-juvenile LSA: calves 1-6m
-thymic LSA: 1-2y
-cutaneous LSA: 1-2y |
|
|
Term
| What is the incubation period for developing LSA or PL? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which specific cells does BLV infect? |
|
Definition
| -B-lymphocytes and integrates in DNA forming a provirus |
|
|
Term
| True or False: BLV infection results from exposure to the resultant viremia. |
|
Definition
| -FALSE; no viremia and no BLV in secretions, transmission is via infected lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| On average, ___% of animals exposed to BLV will fail to become infected, ___& will become PCR positive and seropositive persistent carriers. Out of those infected, ___% will remain asymptomatic healthy carriers, ___% will develop PL, and ___% will develop LSA. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-PCR for BLV provirus in infected lympocyte in individual animals ro in bulk milk
-can also use ELISA for test and slaughter programs |
|
|
Term
| What kind of virus is Bovine Immunodeficiency Virus? Why is it important? |
|
Definition
-lentivirus
-immunosuppression |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for Bovine Viral Diarrhea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| BVDV belongs to which viral family and genus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two genotypes of BVDV? What aobut the two biotypes? |
|
Definition
-genotypes: BVDV Type I and II (go figure)
-biotypes: Non-cytopathic (NCP) and cytopathic (CP) |
|
|
Term
| Many different strains of BVDV exist within both the genotypes and biotypes of BVDV and these strains are (different/similar) in their pathogenicity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: All BVDV cross-react serologically and are antigenically very similar. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two other viruses is BVDV related to antigenically? |
|
Definition
| -Classical Swine Fever (Hog Cholera) and Border disease |
|
|
Term
| Describe the geographical range and prevelance of BVDV. |
|
Definition
-worldwide
-very high prevelnce |
|
|
Term
| What is the major source of BVDV infection? |
|
Definition
| -persistently infected cattle that secrete the virus constantly |
|
|
Term
| The prevelance of seropositive cattle in a herd with one or more PI animals is ___%. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the general outcome for calves born PI in a seropositive beef herd? |
|
Definition
| -poor doers and will only survive for about a year |
|
|
Term
| Cattle are clinically infected with BVDV. Which other animals can be subclinically infected? |
|
Definition
| -wild ruminants, sheep, goats, pigs |
|
|
Term
| Does BVDV affect pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| -YES, fetus can be infected transplacentally |
|
|
Term
| Incubation period will depend on the type of disease due to BVDV. Approximate it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which form of BVDV is commonly referred to as bovine virus diarreha? In which cattle does it occur? |
|
Definition
-benign infection
-occurs in immuno-competent seronegative calves (3-8m if they have maternal Ab) and young adults |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of bovine virus diarrhea? |
|
Definition
| -mostly inapparent but can have mild fever, leukopenia, and explosive diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| How long does bovine virus diarrhea last? Describe its morbidity and mortality. |
|
Definition
-only a few days
-high mobridity but low mortality |
|
|
Term
| What clinical signs characterize the peracute highly fatal diarrhea form of BVDV? |
|
Definition
| -respiratory and enteric signs |
|
|
Term
| Which genotype of BVDV causes peracute highly fatal diarrhea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of peracute highly fatal diarrhea due to BVDV? |
|
Definition
| -respiratory infection, profuse diarrhea, high fever, oral erosions, and mucosal lesions |
|
|
Term
| Which ages of cattle are most often affected by peracute highly fatal diarrhea due to BVDV? Which ages most commonly die? How long does the infection last? |
|
Definition
-all ages affected
-highest mortality in younger calves
-lasts for several weeks |
|
|
Term
| Fatal mucosal disease due to BVDV is only seen in ______ animals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___% of PI calves will die of mucosal disease b/n 8m-2y of age. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of fatal mucosal disease due to BVDV? Describe its morbidity and mortality. |
|
Definition
-profuse watery diarrhea, anorexia, mucopurulent nasal discharge, erosive/ulcerative stomatitis, emaciation, dehydration, death
--sporadic morbidity with 100% mortality |
|
|
Term
| Which genotype and serotype BVDV combination is associated with thrombocytopenia and hemorrhagic disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of thrombocytopenia and hemorrhagic disease due to BVDV? What is the mortality rate? |
|
Definition
-blood diarreha, petechial and echymotic hemorrhages on mucosal surfaces, epistaxis, prolonged bleeding at injection sites
-case fatality 25% |
|
|
Term
| Can BVDV lead to reproductive failure? |
|
Definition
-YES, can lead to: conception failure, fetal mummification, abortion, premature births, and stillbirths
-can also cause congenital abnormalities: cerebellar hypoplasia, hydranencephaly, retinal atrophy and dysplasia, optic neutritis, microphthalmia, etc leading to blindness |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the case of chronic BVD infection? |
|
Definition
| -intermittent diarrhea, emaciation, bloat, hoof deformities, erosive stomatitis, scabby lesions in perineum, scrotum, and interdigital cleft |
|
|
Term
| Are calves born PI with BVDV seronegative or seropositive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the pathological lesions seen due to BVDV? |
|
Definition
-erosions in mouth, esophagus, forestomach, abomasum, and ceucm
-mouth looks "cooked" |
|
|
Term
| Which specific cells does BVDV infect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Persistent infection with BVDV occurs when the fetus is infected during the period of ___-___ days of pregnancy with a NCP strain. Then what happens? |
|
Definition
-45-125 days
-fetus recognizes the virus as self and is born normal while secreting the virus consistently
-PI calves develop mucosal disease when NCP virus mutates into CP virus or infected with CP virus and eventually die |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Due to their predetermined state, calves born PI with BVDV do not respond well to vaccines. |
|
Definition
| -FALSE, can respond well to vacciens |
|
|
Term
| Infection of the fetus with BVDV 125-175 days into gestation will result in what? What about after 180 dyas of gestation? |
|
Definition
-congenital defects
-results in fully competent immune response with elimination of the virus |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose BVDV? Which samples do we use? |
|
Definition
-FA test or IPX: whole blood!!!!! (b/c virus is in lymphocytes)
-IHC or PCR on ear notch sample
-SNT on paired samples for screening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -NO, by definition it is a non-cytopathic strain |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat and control BVDV? |
|
Definition
-screen and eliminate PI animals
-vaccinate
-prevent new introductions |
|
|
Term
| What are the names for the disease resulting from Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 and ovine herpesvirus 2? What are the two forms? |
|
Definition
-Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF)
-African form and US-European form |
|
|
Term
| Briefly describe Malignant Catarrhal Fever. |
|
Definition
| -sporadic, acute highly fatal infectious disase of cattle and deer being the most important disease of farmed deer |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of malignant Catarrhal Fever in deer? |
|
Definition
| -erosive stomatitis, gastroenteritis, erosions of the upper resp tract, kerato-conjunctivitis, encephalitis, and lymphadenopathy |
|
|
Term
| Describe the prevelance, morbidity, and mortality of Malignant Catarrhal Fever. |
|
Definition
-occurs sporadically
-low morbidity
-high mortality |
|
|
Term
| To which virus family does Malignant Catarrhal Fever belong? What kind of virus is it? |
|
Definition
-Herpesviridae
-gamma-herpesvirus |
|
|
Term
| Which animal does Alcelaphine Herpesvirus type 1 (AHV-1) infect naturally? What about Ovine Herpesvirus type 2 (OHV-2)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 forms of Malignant Catarrhal Disease? Which virus causes each, where is each endemic, and which animals are affected? |
|
Definition
1) African form: AHV-1 in wildebeast, endemic in Africa but also occurs in US in zoos
2) US-European form: OHV-2, endemic in US, affects sheep, cattle, bison, and deer |
|
|
Term
| Which animals are the inapparent carriers of MCF? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is MCF transmitted? Any virus-specific caviats? |
|
Definition
-direct contact
-AHV-1 especially during calving season
-OVH-2 is not transmitted by lambs under 5m old |
|
|
Term
| True or False: MCF is highly contagious, especially between cattle. |
|
Definition
| -FALSE, it is NOT considered contagious between cattle |
|
|
Term
| Describe the prevelance and mortality of MCF. |
|
Definition
-sproadic
-mortality in excess of 95% |
|
|
Term
| What is the incubation period of MCF? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which clinical form of MCF is most commonly seen? What are its clinical signs? |
|
Definition
-head and eye form
-high fever, extreme depression, anorexia, photophobia with blepharospasm, profuse mucopurulent nasal and ocular discharges, bilateral corneal opacity, diarrhea, lymphadenopathy, leameness, corneal opacity (chronic bilateral stromal keratitis that progresses centrally), erosions of soft palate/tongue/gums, necrotic nasal mucosa, incoordination, muscle tremors, head pressing |
|
|
Term
| How long does the head and eye form of MCF last? |
|
Definition
| -death occurs in 7-10 days |
|
|
Term
| Which form of MCF is especially common in deer? What are its clinical signs? How long does it last? |
|
Definition
-peracute and alimentary tract form
-high fever, dyspnea, acute gastroenteritis
-death within 1-3 days |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of the mild form of MCF? |
|
Definition
| -transient fever and mild erosion |
|
|
Term
| Which specific cells does MCF infect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which pathologic lesions are pathognomonic for MCF? |
|
Definition
| -necrtizing vasculitis and perivascular cuffing especially apparent in the brain |
|
|
Term
| How do diagnose MCF other than via pathognomonic lesions? |
|
Definition
-blood for viral ID by PCR
-detect carrier animals via ELISA |
|
|
Term
| What are the other names for Bluetongue virus (BTV)? |
|
Definition
-Range stiffness
-sore muzzle
-mycotic stomatitis |
|
|
Term
| BTV belongs to the virus family ______ and the genus ______. Describe its geometry. |
|
Definition
-Reoviridae
-arbivirus
-non-enveloped, double capsid, double-stranded RNA virus with segmented genome (!) |
|
|
Term
| Approximately how many serotypes of BTV are there? Why is this relevant? |
|
Definition
-at least 25
-they all share a common internal AG that can be detected by immunodiffusion byt they each have their own extern Ag that can only be ID'd by VNT |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Reassortment of genes can occur between BTV serotypes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the general geographical distribution of BTV. |
|
Definition
| -worldwide in tropical and subtropical countries. |
|
|
Term
| Which serotype of BTv jsut recently established itself in northern Europe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animal species are susceptible to BTV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which animals does BTV result in significant disease? |
|
Definition
-sheep and WTD
-greates economic important is in sheep pdn |
|
|
Term
| Which species acts as a subclinical reservoir of BTV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the US is BTV high in prevelence? |
|
Definition
| -Southern and Western states |
|
|
Term
| How is BTv transmitted? Any special requirements? |
|
Definition
-Culicoides variipennis
-requires extrinsic incubaiton period of 8-10 days
-also crosses placenta and during breeding (only while bulls are viremic) |
|
|
Term
| How does the transmission of BTV affect its seasonality? |
|
Definition
| -outbreaks occur in the summer and fall when Culicoides cariipennis is active |
|
|
Term
| What is the incubation period of BTV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the clinical signs of BTV in sheep. |
|
Definition
| -high fever, anorexia, mucopurulent catarrhalnasal discharge and excessive salivation, swollen purple tongue and gums (hence blue tongue virus), catarrhal stomatitis, diarrhea, lameness, torticollis, COMPLETE LOSS OF FLEECE |
|
|
Term
| Does BTV have a short or long convalescent period? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which specific serotype of BT is notable for its ability to cross the placenta during pregnancy? What are the clinical results? |
|
Definition
-serotype 8
-fetal malformation: hydranencephaly of cerebral hemispheres and arthrogryposis |
|
|
Term
| Most BTV infections in cattle are inapparent. If clinical signs do show up, what are they? |
|
Definition
-fever, lameness in all 4 lims due to laminitis, edema of lips, erozive lesions in mouth, nasal discharge, excessive salivation, sun burnt looking nares
-DOES NOT CAUSE DIARRHEA IN CATTLE
-hydranencephaly and arthrogryposis in fetuses |
|
|
Term
| How does BTV present in deer? |
|
Definition
| -acute hemoorrhagic disease |
|
|
Term
| In which specific cells does BTV replicate? |
|
Definition
| -macrophages, dendritic cells, and vascular endothelium |
|
|
Term
| Does BTV have a resulting viremia? If so, how long does it last? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the pathological lesions resulting from BTV? |
|
Definition
-ARETERITIS = widespread hemorrhages and edema
-erosions, ulcerations, hemorrhages, and edema of GI tract
-frothy, fluid-filled lungs in sheep
-PATHOGNOMONIC: hemorrhagic lesion at the base of the pulmonary artery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -collect blood with anticoagulant and store it at 4C, then isolate in embryonated eggs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -detected in blood and tissue samples by RT-PCR |
|
|
Term
| How do we differentiate b/n BTV serotypes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of vaccines do we have for BTV? |
|
Definition
-MLV: DO NOT ADMIN WHEN PREGNANT
-also a USDA approved vx in sheep in US |
|
|
Term
| Which animals are affected by Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease? |
|
Definition
-cattle and most importantly deer
-DOES NOT AFFECT SHEEP |
|
|
Term
| What kind of virus is Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus? With which other virus does it share an internal Ag? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which two serotypes of Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease virus are important in the US? Geographic distribution? |
|
Definition
-EHDV-1 an dEHDV-2
-Southern and Western states |
|
|
Term
| How is EHDV tranmitted? Seasonality? |
|
Definition
-Culicoides variipennis
-late summer and fall |
|
|
Term
| Describe the morbidity and mortality of EHD in deer in the US. |
|
Definition
| -morbidity as high as 90% and mortality of 60% |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of EHD in deer? |
|
Definition
| -acute hemorrhagic dz with lung edema |
|
|
Term
| What other animal is commonly seropositive for EHD although clinical disease is very rare? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which specific cells does EHD infect? Resulting in what? |
|
Definition
-endothelial cells
-resulting in an arteritis |
|
|
Term
| True or False: EHDV Ab cross react with BTv. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does Ibaraki dz occur? Which other virus is it antigenically related to? |
|
Definition
|
|
