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exam 3
exam 3
43
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
04/07/2016

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Term
Newton's Laws of Motion in order:
Definition
1. inertia
2. acceleration
3. reaction
Term
According to Newton's law of inertia, what is the measure of inertia?
Definition
mass
Term
law of gravitation:
Definition
all bodies are attracted to one another due to their masses
Term
Formula for law of gravitation:
Definition
Fg=G x (m1m2/d2)

G=gravitation constant
=6.672x10-11 nxm2/kg2
Term
definition of weight:
Definition
gravity exerted to a body by the earth
Term
formula for weight:
Definition
(mass)(gravitation acceleration)
Term
formula for magnitude of friction:
Definition
Ff=uN
Term
definition of sliding friction:
Definition
due to relative motion of the surfaces
Term
cause of sliding friction:
Definition
due to relative motion of the surfaces
Term
cause of rolling friction friction:
Definition
temporary deformations of the surfaces
Term
Definition of static friction
Definition
1 Ff experienced with no motion
2 maximum static friction is the force required to initiate motion
Term
Definition of kinetic or dynamic friction
Definition
Ff Experienced during motion
Force required to maintain motion
Term
Ways to minimize friction as resistance
Definition
Lubrication synovial fluid
Skating gliding
Tire inflation and paving
Term
Ways to maximize friction as a source of propulsion
Definition
Cleats
Skating pushing off
Term
Definition of momentum
Definition
Amount of motion
m=mv
Term
principle of momentum conversation:
Definition
if no external force, total moment remins constant

v=constant M=mv=constant
Term
definition of impulse:
Definition
the acuumulated effect of force exertion over a period of time

i=Fxt
vector quantity
Unit: Ns
causes change in momentum
Term
strategies for giving impulse (batting)
Definition
maximize impulse
maximize contact time through follow through
Term
strategies for receiving impulse (landing, receiving, etc)
Definition
reduce impulse
reduce impulse force by increasing time
F=I/t
Term
definition of mechanical work
Definition
force applied against a resistance
scalar quantity
unit: J (joule)
Term
formula for mechanical work
Definition
force x displacement (W=Fxd)
Term
how is negative vs positive work determined?
Definition
determined by the angle of F & D

if angle is less than 90 (F and D are in same direction) it is positive

if angle is more than 90 degrees (F and D are in opposite directions) it is negative
Term
muscule contraction vs work:
Definition
concentric contraction-positive work
eccentric contraction-negative work
isometric contraction-no work
Term
definition of mechanical power:
Definition
rate of work (intensity of work)
Power=work/elapsed time (P=W/change in T)
Power=force x velocity
Unit is watts or j/s
scalar quantity
Term
definition of mechanical energy
Definition
capacity to do work
unit: j
scalar
total mechanical energy =potential energy + kinetic energy
Term
what is potential energy?
Definition
energy due to vertical position (height)
Ep=mgh
Term
what is kinetic energy?
Definition
energy due to motion (velocity)
Ek=1/2mv^2
Term
conservation of mechanical energy:
Definition
if the gravity is the only eternal force acting on a system, the ME remains constant

E=Ep=Ek=const
Term
mechnical work vs mechanical energy
Definition
work causes changes in the mechanical energy of the system
Term
Center of gravity
Definition
a point around which the weight of a body is balanced in all directions, =center of mass
Term
methods of center of gravity location:
Definition
1. reaction board method
2. segmental method
3. suspension method
Term
definition of stability:
Definition
resistance to disruption of the equilibrium
Term
definitions of balance:
Definition
ability to control equilibruim
Term
definition of base of support:
Definition
area bounded by the outermost regions of contact between a body and support surfaces
Term
factors affecting stability:
Definition
1. body mass
2. size of base of support
3. horizontal position of the center of gravity
4. vertical position of the center of gravity
Term
moment of inertia (MOI)
Definition
the inertia of an object in an angular motion, the tendancy of an object to maintain the current state of angular motion, difficulty changing the state of angular motion

Unit: kg x m^2
Term
MOI of an object:
Definition
function of mass distribution about the axis of rotation
Term
radiums of gyration:
Definition
distance from the axis of rotation to a point where the body's mass could be concentrated without altering its rotation characteristics

ROG does not show location of the COM
Term
Moment of inertia (MOI) and radius of gyration (ROG) are dependent on what?
Definition
posture
Term
Torque=
Definition
MOI * angular acceleration
T=I *a (F=m*a)

Newtons 2nd law of angular motion: an external roque acting on a body generates angular acceleration
Term
Angular momentum:
Definition
quantity of angular motion (vector)
AM-MOI x angular velocity
Unit=Kg*m^2/s
Term
Angular momentum conservation:
Definition
total angular momentum of a system remains constant in the absence of external torques

H=constant
Term
transfer of angular momentum:
Definition
overall H remains constant
H of each body part may change
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