Term
| Which age group of cattle is affected by sporadic LSA? What about enzootic? |
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Definition
-sporadic = calves
-anzootic = adults |
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Term
| Describe sporadic LSA in calves. |
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Definition
-uncommon: rare
-non-infectious
-not asssociated with BLV
-young cattle |
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Term
| Describe enzootic LSA in adult cattle. |
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Definition
-common
-infectious
-caused by BLV
-adult cattle |
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Term
| Is enzootic LSA in adult cattle common or uncommon? Is it more common in beef cattle or dairy cattle? |
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Definition
-very common in US
-more common in dairy cattle |
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Term
| What is the significance of enzootic LSA in adult cattle? |
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Definition
-death loss & treatment
-carcass condemnation
-limitations on export
-reduced milk production
-imparied immunity: mastitis, premature culling |
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Term
| What are the public health concerns with enzootic LSA in adult cattle? |
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Definition
| -no evidence of health risk due to pasteurization inactivating it |
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Term
| What is the etiologic agent of enzootic LSA in adult cattle? What kind of virus is that? |
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Definition
-Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLC)
-retrovirus |
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Term
| True or False: Once an adult cow is infected with BLV, if caught early enough the infection can be cleared. |
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Definition
| -FALSE, once infected they are infected for life |
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Term
| What is the primary natural host for BLV? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Is LSA disease or infection more common? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which area of the US has the highest beef heard prevalence of BLV? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How does genetic predisposition play a role in BLV susceptibility? |
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Definition
-susceptibility to infection and outcome of infetion is partially mediated by BoLA genes
-allele ISAAG 0902 give resistance |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| -blood transmission is most efficient but also found in colostrum/milk, nasal discharge, semen, urine, etc |
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Term
| What are the primary routes of BLV transmission? |
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Definition
| -direct physical contact & iatrogenic |
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Term
| About what percentage of adult cattle infected with BLV will get tumors? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 major LSA tumor sites and there proportion of occurence? What are some other common sides? |
|
Definition
1) LN: 90%
2) abomasum: 75%
3) Heart (RA: 50%
-Urogenital (30%), spinal cord (15%), retrobulbar (10%) |
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Term
| Does LSA have a long or short incubation period? When does clinical disease present? |
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Definition
-long
-disease in cattle 4-8 y |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of LSA in adult cattle? |
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Definition
| -ADR: anorexia, depression, weight loss, dec milk production, +/- fever, lymphadenopathy (75%), diarrhea (50%,MELENA, CHF/arrythmias (25-50%, posterior paresis, exopthalmia |
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Term
| What is the most common cause of CHF in adult cattle? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the clinical pathology resulting from LSA. |
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Definition
-lyphocytosis with clinical signs (but often regresses by onset of signs)
-abnormal lymphs on CBC
-inc LDH activity |
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Term
|
Definition
-AGID primarily, but also ELIA and RIA
-colostrum is seropositive for 6m
-cows transiently seronegativeperipartum
-histopath
-cytology
-abdominal or cardial ultrasound |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-value added if certified free herd
-high prevalence
-slow without an owver committed to test and cull
-eradication is possible |
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Term
| At what point in life should we aim to control BLV infection? How can we do this? |
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Definition
-in utero
-clean maternity area, early separation from dam, pasteurized colostrum, MR or pasteurize waste milk |
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|
Term
| What form of transmissio is easiest for us to control in BLV transmission? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| How do we control BLV transmission at entry into adult herds? |
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Definition
-change or wash palpation sleeves
-control insects
-isolate and test herd additions |
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|
Term
| What are the three forms of sporadic SLA? |
|
Definition
-juvenile
-thymic
-cutaneous |
|
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Term
| What age group of cattle is susceptible to juvenile sporadic LSA? Clinically describe it. |
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Definition
-calves < 6m
-uncommon
-general lymphadenopathy with bone marrow involvement (profound lymphocytosis & nonregen anemia) |
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|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of juvenile spradic LSA? |
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Definition
-generalized illness
-compression by LN: dysphagia, bloat |
|
|
Term
| What is the outcome of juvenile spradic SLA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is thymic sporadic LSA common or uncommon? What age group of cattle is affected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of thymic sporadic LSA? |
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Definition
| -dysphagia or bloat with CHF |
|
|
Term
| What is the outcome of thymic sporadic LSA? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Is cutaneous sporadic LSA common or uncommon? Which age group of cattle is affected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of cutaneous sporadic LSA? |
|
Definition
-multifocal nodules in skin: gray-white circular plaques
-often regress but may recur |
|
|
Term
| What kind of virus is Bovine Immunodeficiency Virus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of IV? |
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Definition
| -hemolymph nodes enlarged |
|
|
Term
| What is the major clinical concern with BIV infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency
-defect of surface glycoproteins on PMNs that affects ability to emigrate from blood to tissue |
|
|
Term
| How does BLAD affect neutrophils? |
|
Definition
| -defective: lowered phagocytic capabilities, lack of neutrophils in tissue, recurrent infections despite neutrophilia |
|
|
Term
| Describe the genetics behind BLAD. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical outcomes of BLAD? |
|
Definition
| -Chronic infections: pneumonia, oral/facial ulceration, gingivitis/periodontisis, lymphadenopathy, ill-thrift/poor doers |
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|
Term
| What is the outcome of BLAD? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis? |
|
Definition
| -abscessation & lymphangitis in large animals |
|
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Term
| What disease results form C. pseudotuberculosis in sheep and goats? What about in cattle? |
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Definition
-Caseous lymphadenitis
-ulcerative lymphangitis |
|
|
Term
| What is the major public health concern with C. pseudotubercuolosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is C. pseudotuberculosis intra- or extra-cellular? How? |
|
Definition
| -intracellylar due to cytotoxic surface lipid coat |
|
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Term
| What characteristics of C. pseudotuberculosis that allow it easier spread in the body? |
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Definition
| -exotoxins: phospholipase D = inc vascular permeability |
|
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Term
| How does C. pseudotuberculosis spread in the body? |
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Definition
| -picked up by macrophages and spreads via lymphatics |
|
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Term
| How does infection with C. pseudotuberculosis occur? |
|
Definition
-enters through abrasions or cuts in skin or oral cavity
-exposure direct contact, fomites, flies |
|
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Term
| Is C. pseudotuberculosis resistant or susceptible in the environment? Describe its incubation period. |
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Definition
-resistant and survives in soil for months
-incubation in small rums for 2w-several months |
|
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of C. pseudotuberculosis? |
|
Definition
-peripheral LN abscessation: non-odorous, mucoid or caseous
-poor doer: thin ewe syndrome
organ failure depending where abscess formation occurs: resp distress |
|
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Term
| How do we diagnose C. pseudotuberculosis? |
|
Definition
-culture: important because of herd implications
-CBC: neutrophilia, hyperfibrinogenemia, may be normal
-ultrasound/ chest rads
-SHIT
-ELISA |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat C. pseudotuberculosis? |
|
Definition
-CULL!!!!
-if cannot cull, open and drain, remove surgically, Tulathromycin, NSAIDs |
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Term
| How do we control C. pseudotuberculosis? |
|
Definition
-CULL!!!
-segregate, isolate new introductions, shearing sanitation, vaccines |
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