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exam 3
digestive
132
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
03/23/2016

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Term
Digestion
Definition
1. Breakdown of ingested food
2. Absorption of nutrients into the blood
Term
Metabolism
Definition
1. Production of cellular energy (ATP)
2. Constructive and degradative cellular activities
Term
organs of the alimentary canal in order from the mouth to the anus
Definition
1. Mouth
2. Pharynx
3. Esophagus
4. Stomach
5. Small intestine
6. Large intestine
7. Anus
Term
Lips
Definition
protect the anterior opening
Term
Cheeks
Definition
form the lateral walls
Term
Hard palate
Definition
forms the anterior roof
Term
Soft palate
Definition
forms the posterior roof
Term
Uvula
Definition
fleshy projection of the soft palate
Term
Vestibule
Definition
space between lips externally and teeth and
gums internally
Term
Oral cavity
Definition
area contained by the teeth
Term
Tongue
Definition
attached at hyoid and styloid processes of the skull, and by the lingual frenulum
Term
Mastication
Definition
(chewing) of food/Mixing masticated food with saliva
Term
Initiation of swallowing
Definition
by the tongue
Term
Tongue leads to what?
Definition
Allowing for the sense of taste
Term
Peristalsis
Definition
slow rhythmic squeezing
Term
Food is propelled to the
esophagus by two muscle
Definition
Longitudinal & circular muscle layer
Term
Mucous is what layer?
Definition
Innermost
Term
Mucosa structures
Definition
1)Moist membrane
2) Surface epithelium
3) Small amount of connective tissue
(lamina propria)
4) Small smooth muscle layer
Term
Submucosa layer is located?
Definition
Just beneath the mucosa
Term
Submuscosa contains
Definition
Soft connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, and lymphatics
Term
Muscularis externa locations
Definition
a. Inner circular layer
b. Outer longitudinal layer
Term
muscularis externa is made of
Definition
smooth muscle
Term
Serosa is what layer?
Definition
Outermost layer – visceral
peritoneum
Term
Serosa is what layer is made of?
Definition
Layer of serous fluid producing cells
Term
stomach location
Definition
Located on the left side of the abdominal cavity
Term
Where does food enter the stomach?
Definition
cardio esophageal sphincter
Term
Cardiac region
Definition
near the heart
Term
Fundus
Definition
top outer part
Term
Body
Definition
middle outer part
Term
Pylorus
Definition
funnel-shaped terminal end
Term
Food empties into the small intestine at the ?
Definition
pyloric sphincter
Term
Rugae
Definition
internal folds of the mucosa
Term
oblique muscle layer of the stomach
Definition
aids in digestion by grinding the food together with digestive juices. T
Term
chyme
Definition
a mixture of partially digested food, acids, enzymes, and liquid.
Term
Mucous neck cells
Definition
a sticky alkaline mucus
Term
Gastric glands
Definition
secrete
gastric juice
Term
Chief cells
Definition
produce protein-digesting enzymes (pepsinogens)
Term
Parietal cells
Definition
produce hydrochloric acid
Term
Endocrine cells
Definition
produce Gastrin
Term
Gastric pits formed by
Definition
folded mucosa
Term
Lesser omentum
Definition
attaches the liver to the lesser curvature
Term
Greater omentum
Definition
attaches the greater curvature to the
posterior body wall
Term
Significance of less/greater omentum
Definition
Contains fat to insulate, cushion, and protect abdominal organs
Term
Stomach features
Definition
a. The body’s major digestive organ
b. Site of nutrient absorption into the blood
c. Muscular tube extending from the pyloric sphincter to
the ileocecal valve
d. Suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by the mesentery
Term
Duodenum
Definition
1) Attached to the stomach
2) Curves around the head of the pancreas
Term
Jejunum
Definition
attaches anteriorly to the duodenum
Term
Ileum
Definition
extends from jejunum to large intestine
Term
purpose of the mesentery
Definition
anchors the small intestines to the back of the abdominal wall.
Term
Villi of the Small Intestine
Definition
a. Fingerlike structures formed by the mucosa
b. Give the small intestine more surface area
Term
Microvilli (Brush Border) of the Small Intestine
Definition
a. Small projections of the
plasma membrane
b. Found on absorptive cells -
increase surface area for
absorption
Term
Structures Involved in Absorption of Nutrients
Definition
a. Absorptive cells
b. Blood capillaries
c. Lacteals (specialized
lymphatic capillaries)
Term
Peyer’s patches
Definition
(collections of lymphatic
tissue)
Term
Functions of the Large Intestine
Definition
a. Absorption of water
b. Eliminates indigestible food from the body as feces
c. Does not participate in digestion of food
Term
Goblet cells produce
Definition
mucus to act as a lubricant
Term
Parotid glands has how much saliva?
Definition
25%
Term
Parotid glands located
Definition
located anterior to ears
Term
Parotid glands Produce
Definition
1) Produce serous secretion
2) Enzyme salivary amylase (breaks down
starches)
3) Drained by parotid duct - empties into
vestibule at second molar
Term
Submandibular glands located and amount of saliva?
Definition
in floor of mouth has 70% saliva
Term
Submandibular glands produces
Definition
1) Produce buffers, glycoproteins (mucins), and
salivary amylase
2) Drained by submandibular duct - opens
immediately behind teeth
Term
Sublingual glands location and produces how much saliva?
Definition
5% - under the tongue
Term
Sublingual glands Produce
Definition
1) Produce mucous secretion: buffer and
lubricant
2) Drained by sublingual duct - either side of lingual frenulum
Term
Saliva Composition
Definition
a. 99.4% water
b. Remaining 0.6%
1) Electrolytes
2) Buffers
3) Glycoproteins
4) Antibodies
5) Enzymes (amylase and lysozyme)
6) Waste products
Term
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Definition
increases
secretion (PNS active when you are at rest/after have
eaten a large meal)
Term
Sympathetic Nervous System
Definition
decreases secretion (why you have a dry mouth when you are nervous)
Term
Deciduous (baby or milk) teeth contain how many?
Definition
20 teeth are fully formed by age two
Term
Permanent teeth replace at what age and how many?
Definition
1) Replace deciduous teeth beginning between
the ages of 6 to 12
2) A full set is 32 teeth, but some people do not
Term
Incisors
Definition
cutting
Term
Canines
Definition
tearing
Term
Premolars
Definition
grinding
Term
Molars-
Definition
grinding
Term
Crown
Definition
exposed part
1) Outer enamel
2) Dentin
3) Pulp cavity
Term
Neck of tooth
Definition
1) Region in contact with the gum
2) Connects crown to Root
Term
Root of tooth
Definition
1) Periodontal membrane/ligament attached to the bone
2) Root canal carrying blood vessels and
nerves
Term
digestive enzymes secreted into the duodenum via pancreatic duct
Definition
1) Pancreatic alpha-amylase (starches)
2) Pancreatic lipase (fats)
3) Nucleases (DNA and RNA)
Term
Proteolytic enzymes (proteins) secreted why?
Definition
secreted as inactive proenzymes to protect
secretory cells from being degraded
Term
Proteolytic enzymes (proteins)activated where
Definition
in small intestine
Term
Insulin (b cells) pancreas islet
Definition
lowers blood sugar
Term
Glucagon (a cells) pancreas islet
Definition
elevates blood sugar
Term
Identify the individual lobes of the liver
Definition
Right is bigger left is smaller
Term
Identify the falciform ligament
Definition
Between the two lobes
Term
hepatic artery
Definition
supplies oxygenated blood to the liver, pylorus of the stomach, duodenum and pancreas.
Term
hepatic portal vein
Definition
blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver. This blood is rich in nutrients that have been extracted from food, and the liver processes these nutrients; it also filters toxins that may have been ingested with the food.
Term
hepatic vein
Definition
carry oxygen-depleted blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava. They also transport blood that has been drained from the colon, pancreas, small intestine, and the stomach, and cleaned by the liver.
Term
hepatocytes
Definition
regulate blood levels of substances such as cholesterol and glucose, the liver helps maintain body homeostasis
Term
Kupffer cells
Definition
eat bacteria
Term
Kupffer cells
Definition
eat bacteria
Term
bile canaliculi
Definition
collects bile
Term
central vein
Definition
deliver fluids and drugs
Term
hepatic duct
Definition
a. (which drains bile from the right functional lobe of the liver) and the left hepatic duct (which drains bile from the left functional lobe of the liver).
Term
cystic duct
Definition
It then joins the common bile duct, which meets pancreatic duct before it empties into the duodenum
Term
gallbladder
Definition
stores bile produced in liver
Term
Bile production
Definition
a. Produced by cells in the liver
b. Secreted into a network of narrow channels (bile canaliculi) that connect with bile ductules
c. Bile ductules empty into bile ducts at nearest portal area
d. All bile ducts empty eventually into Right and Left Hepatic ducts
Term
Bile flows from common hepatic duct to either
Definition
1) Common bile duct - enters duodenum
2) Cystic duct - enters gallbladder
Term
Bile salts composition
Definition
3) Cholesterol
4) Phospholipids
5) Electrolytes
Term
Bile function
Definition
a) emulsify fats - break fats into droplets
b) increases surface area of fat exposed to enzymes
Term
Bile is introduced into the duodenum in the presence
Definition
fatty food
Term
Gallbladder bile under control of
Definition
intestinal hormone cholecytokinin
(CCK)
Term
CCK relaxes haptopancreatic sphincter and
gallbladder
Definition
ejection of pancreatic juice and bile
into duodenum
Term
Ingestion
Definition
getting food into mouth
Term
Propulsion
Definition
moving foods
from one region of the
digestive system to another
Term
Peristalsis
Definition
alternating waves of contraction
Term
Segmentation
Definition
moving materials back and forth to aid in mixing
Term
Mechanical digestion
Definition
1. Mixing of food in the mouth by the tongue
2. Churning of food in the stomach
3. Segmentation in the small intestine
Term
Mechanical digestion
Definition
1. Mixing of food in the mouth by the tongue
2. Churning of food in the stomach
3. Segmentation in the small intestine
Term
Chemical Digestion
Definition
1. Enzymes break down food molecules into their building Blocks
Term
Absorption
Definition
1. End products of digestion are absorbed in the blood or
lymph
2. Food must enter mucosal cells and then into blood or lymph capillaries
Term
Defecation
Definition
elimination of indigestible substances as
feces
Term
Mechanical breakdown
Definition
food is physically broken down by chewing
Term
Activities of the Pharynx and Esophagus
Definition
1. These organs have no digestive function
2. Serve as passageways to the stomach
Term
Deglutition (Swallowing)
Definition
Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
Term
Buccal phase
Definition
a. Voluntary
b. Occurs in the mouth
c. Food is formed into a bolus
d. The bolus is forced into the pharynx by the tongue
Term
Pharyngeal-esophageal phase
Definition
a. Involuntary transport of the bolus
b. All passageways except to the stomach are blocked
c. Peristalsis moves the bolus toward the stomach
d. The cardioesophageal sphincter is opened when food presses
against it
Term
Blocks during Pharyngeal-esophogeal phase
Definition
1) Tongue blocks off the mouth
2) Soft palate (uvula) blocks the nasopharynx
3) Epiglottis blocks the larynx
Term
Food Breakdown in the Stomach
Definition
1. Gastric juice is regulated by neural and hormonal factors
2. Presence of food or falling pH causes the release of gastrin
3. Gastrin causes stomach glands to produce protein-digesting
enzymes
4. Hydrocholoric acid makes the stomach contents very acidic (parietal cells)
Term
Stomach activates
Definition
a. pepsinogen to pepsin for protein digestion
b. Provides a hostile environment for microorganisms
c. Protein digestion enzymes (chief cells)
Term
Stomach contain Renin
Definition
works on digesting milk protein
Term
Stomach contains Pepsin
Definition
an active protein digesting enzyme
Term
The only absorption that occurs in the stomach is of
Definition
alcohol and aspirin
Term
Rippling peristalsis occurs
Definition
the lower stomach
Term
The pylorus delivers 30 ml of chyme at a time
Definition
into the small intestine
Term
Mouth enzymes
Definition
Amylase and lipase
Term
How long does it take the stomach to empty?
Definition
The stomach empties in four to six hours
Term
small intestine absorbs?
Definition
Site of nutrient absorption into the blood
Term
Large intestine absorbs?
Definition
Absorption of water
Term
Propulsion in the Small Intestine
Definition
1) Mix chyme with digestive juices
2) Aid in propelling food
Term
pancreatic enzymes
Definition
a. Help complete digestion of starch (pancreatic
amylase)
b. Carry out about half of all protein digestion
(trypsin, etc.)
c. Responsible for fat digestion (lipase)
d. Digest nucleic acids (nucleases)
e. Alkaline content (bicarbonate) neutralizes acidic
chyme
Term
effect that bile has on fats
Definition
Lipase
Term
Carbohydrates are broken to simple sugars by?
Definition
(amylases)
Term
Proteins are broken to amino acids by?
Definition
trypsins,peptidases
Term
Fats are broken to fatty acids and alcohols by?
Definition
bile,lipases
Term
what vitamins are produced by bacteria in the large intestine
Definition
Produce some vitamin K and Bs (vitamin
B12, thiamine and riboflavin)
Term
Presence of feces in the rectum causes a defecation reflex
Definition
1) Internal anal sphincter is relaxed
2) Defecation occurs with relaxation of the
voluntary (external) anal sphincter
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