Term
The autonomic nervous system
-exerts control over the respiratory system
-is entirely motor
-exits the CNS solely in the thoracolumbar area
-exerts control over the respiratory system AND is entirely motor
-all of the above |
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Definition
| exerts control over the respiratory system AND is entirely motor |
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Term
Long post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers releaseACh on sweat glands.
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
Post-ganglionic sympathetic fibers:
-are myelinated
-release ACh
-that synapse in collateral ganglia innervate visceral organs in the thorax
-that synapse in the sympathetic chain go on to release NE from the adrenal gland
-have receptors for ACh |
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Definition
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Term
Post-ganglionic sympathetic fibers release NE on cardiac muscle.
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
Chromaffin cells are adrenergic but have cholinergic receptors.
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
Nervous tissue includes:
-sympathetic chain ganglia
-adrenal medullae
-posterior pituitary
-all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
The vagus nerve plays a central role in increasing activity in the GI tract.
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
The sympathetic nervous system causes your arrector pili muscles to contract and your parasympathetic nervous system relaxes them.
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
Pre-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers:
-are long
-are myelinated
-terminate in synapses
-all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
The balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity is referred to as autonomic tone.
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
Parasympathetic fibers:
-leave the CNS in the thoracolumbar area
-are cholinergic
-inhibit insulin release
-all of the above
-none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
Dual innervations is always antagonistic, never cooperative
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
Pick out the true statement:
-post-ganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division have cholinergic receptors
-pre-ganglionic fibers in the sympathetic division are long
-post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers release ACh onto swear glands
-Epi and NE are released from chromaffin cells in the adrenal cortex in response to sympathetic stimultion
-post-ganglionic fibers |
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Definition
| post-ganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division have cholinergic receptors |
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Term
The adrenal medulla is modified sympathetic ganglion that releases ACh into the general circulation when it's stimulated.
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
Sympathetic effects include:
-increased heart rate
-dilation of bronchioles
-dilation of pupils
-all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on circulating insulin?
-increase
-decrease
-no effect |
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Definition
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Term
All sympathetic fibers are adrenergic.
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
What is the effect of NE on B2 receptors?
-increase heart rate
-decrease GI function
-no effect
-increase lipolysis and glycogenolysis
-dilate bronchioles |
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Definition
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Term
What is the effect of an alpha antagonist on B1 receptors?
-stimulation
-inhibition
-no effect |
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Definition
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Term
An agonist would be expected to:
-block a receptor and not allow any functionality
-bind to a receptor and produce the same response as the natural ligand
-bind to a receptor and produce the opposite or different response as the natural ligand
-have no effect whatsoever on a receptor
-none of the above |
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Definition
| bind to a receptor and produce the same response as the natural ligand |
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Term
A beta adrenergic antagonist would be expected to have what effect on the heart rate?
-increase
-decrease
-no effect |
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Definition
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Term
Signal transduction pathways are designed to:
-stop a signal via negative feedback loops
-cause the production of mRNA
-amplify a signal
-disrupt plasma membranes
-scramble pathways in non-target cells |
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Definition
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Term
The submucosal plexus
-regulates GI blood flow
-regulates GI glandular secretions
-regulates GI tract motility
-regulates GI blood flow AND regulates GI glandular secretions
-all of the above |
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Definition
| regulates GI blood flow AND regulates GI glandular secretions |
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Term
The nervous system may be voluntary or involuntary.
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is the slowest pathway?
-nerve cell transmission
-hydrophilic hormone pathways
-hydrophobic hormone pathways
-hydrophilic and hydrophobic pathways take the same amt of time
-gap junctions |
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Definition
| hydrophobic hormone pathways |
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Term
Exocrine glands send hormones out and endocrine glands receive them and determine the pathway taken.
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
A peptide hormone is limited in the way it can interact with a target cell. It's forced to:
-bind to a receptor in the cytoplasm
-bind to albumin or some other carrier protein in the blood, then migrate across the plasma membrane to bind, as a complex, with an intracellular receptor
-bind to a surface receptor, which then migrates to a new cell and binds to an intracellular receptor there
-bind to a receptor on the surface of the cell
-bind to the endocrine gland from which it was secreted |
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Definition
| bind to a receptor on the surface of the cell |
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Term
How do hydrophobic hormones bind to their receptors?
-they migrate, with their carrier protein, into a cell and then into the nucleus of that cell
-they bind with albumin in the cytoplasm
-they move across the plasma membrane and bind in the cytoplasm
-they bind to surface receptors which are then endocytosed into the cytoplasm
-they bind to the DNA in a cell directly to force the creation of mRNA |
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Definition
| they move across the plasma membrane and bind in the cytoplasm |
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Term
In the context of hydrophobic hormones, what does "bioavailable" refer to?
-bioavailable only applies to hydrophilic hormones
-that fraction of hormone bound to RBCs
-that fraction of hormone not bound to albumin
-that fraction of hormone already bound to albumin
-that fraction of hormone contained within vesicles that are in the process of being endocytosed into a cell. |
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Definition
| that fraction of hormone not bound to albumin |
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Term
What is the difference between target cells for a certain hormone and non-target cells?
-the presence of general receptors that have binding sites for all hormones
-all cells have receptors for all hormones. The difference is that some cells have certain signaling pathways that can be initiated by binding and some do not.
-the presence of a nucleus capable of binding to that hormone-receptor complex
-the presence of specific receptors for that hormone
-all of the above or sometimes non of the above. it depends on the hormone. |
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Definition
| the presence of specific receptors for that hormone |
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Term
Gene expression may be altered by:
-hydrophilic hormones
-hydrophobic hormones
-bioavailable hormones
-hydrophilic hormones AND bioavailable hormones
-hydrophobic hormones AND bioavailable hormones |
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Definition
| hydrophobic hormones AND bioavailable hormones |
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Term
When hydrophilic hormones bind to a target cell, the resulting products of that cell match the hormone at a 1:1 ration.
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
The responsiveness of a target cell to a hormone is completely independent of the influences exercted by other hormones.
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
Alpha cells in the Islets of Langerhans secrete glucagon in response to hypoglycemia.
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
Beta cells secrete their products:
-into a duct that empties into the duodenum
-to help with digestion
-in response to hyperglycemia
-all of the above |
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Definition
| in response to hyperglycemia |
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Term
Insulin receptors
-are ligand gated channels
-insert insulin transporters into the cell membrane
-stimulate the breakdown of glycogen
-insert glucose transporters into the cell membrane
-are responsive to glucagon |
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Definition
| insert glucose transporters into the cell membrane |
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Term
Hypoglycemia
-means low blood glucose
-means low blood insulin
-means low intracellular glucose
-means low RBC count
-means high intracellular glucose |
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Definition
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Term
Together, the hypothalmus and pituitary gland regulate virtually all aspects of growth, development, metabolism, and homeostasis.
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
Inhibiting and releasing hormones are produced in the ______ and released from the ________
-thymus; hypothalmus
-pituitary; peripheral endocrine organ
-hypothalmus; posterior pituitary
-hypothalmus; hypothalmus
-anterior pituitary; posterior pituitary |
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Definition
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Term
What is the effect of an ACE inhibitor?
-increase the amount of circulating angiotensinogen
-decrease the amount of circulating angiotensinogen
-increase the amount of circulating aldosterol
-increase blood pressure by increasing the amount of angiotensinogen
-decrease the amount of circulating angiotensin II |
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Definition
| decrease the amount of circulating angiotensin II |
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Term
Aldosterone:
-is a glucocorticoid produced in the zona glomerulosa
-causes the secretion of Na and Cl from the bloodstream into the kidney for removal in the urine
-increases blood pressure
-causes the secretion of Na and Cl from the bloodstream into the kidney for removal in the urine AND increases blood pressure
-all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
CAlcitonin
-increases the activity of osteoclasts
-has actions that are antagonistic with parathyroid hormone
-increases reabsorption of Ca in the kidneys
-is released by follicular cells in the thyroid gland
-all of the above |
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Definition
| has actions that are antagonistic with parathyroid hormone |
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Term
colloid
-is found inside parafollicular cells
-is found inside thyroid follicles
-is primarily made up of angiotensinogen
-is another name for thyroid stimulating hormone
-none of the above |
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Definition
| is found inside thyroid follicles |
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Term
| What's another name for the posterior pituitary? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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