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Exam 3
Chapters 10-13 Great Minds
125
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
11/19/2011

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Term
Volkmann's contracture
Definition
Permanent shortening of a muscle due to replacement of destroyed muscles
Term
Lou Gehrig's Disease
Definition
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Term
Myoma
Definition
A tumor consisting of muscle tissue
Term
Interval training
Definition
Training that includes both anaerobic and aerobic exercise
Term
Neuromuscular disease
Definition
A disease of the neuromuscular junction
Term
Spastic paralysis
Definition
Partial paralysis with spasticity
Term
Fibromyalgia
Definition
Chronic, painful, non-articular rheumatic disorder that affects fibrous connective tissue components of muscles, ligaments, and tendons
Term
Denervation atrophy
Definition
Muscle atrophy due to disruption or cutting of the nerve supply
Term
Hypertonia
Definition
Increased muscle tone
Term
Rigidity
Definition
Increased muscle tone in which reflexes are not affected, as in tetanus
Term
Tremor
Definition
A rhymic, involuntary, purposeless contraction that produces a quivering or shaking movement.
Term
Spasm
Definition
A sudden involuntary contraction of a single muscle.
Term
Exercise induced muscle damage
Definition
Muscle damage due to over-exercising
Term
Strength training
Definition
Anaerobic training for short term feats
Term
Myasthenia gravis
Definition
An autoimmune disease that causes chronic, progressive damage of the neuromuscular junction
Term
Fibrillation
Definition
A spontaneous contraction of a single muscle fiber that is not visible but may be recorded by electromyography.
Term
Flaccid paralysis
Definition
Loss of muscle tone
Term
Utrophin
Definition
A protein which researchers think will be a good substitute for dystrophin production.
Term
Tic
Definition
A spasmodic twitching made involuntarily by muscles that ordinarily under voluntary control..
Term
Muscular dystrophy
Definition
A group of inherited diseases which cause muscle degeneration of the skeletal muscle. The most common is Duchenne muscular dystrophy..
Term
Hypotonia
Definition
Decreased muscle tone
Term
Myopathy
Definition
A disease of the skeletal muscle tissue itself
Term
Myositis
Definition
Inflammation of muscle tissue
Term
Cramp
Definition
A painful spasmodic contraction.
Term
Creatine supplementation
Definition
Addition of creatine
Term
Fibrosis
Definition
The replacement of muscle fibers by fibrous scar tissue
Term
Myotonia
Definition
Increased muscular excitability and contractility, with decreased power of relaxation
Term
Tetanus
Definition
Muscle stiffness caused by a bacterium
Term
Disuse atrophy
Definition
Atrophy due to lack of use
Term
Myalgia
Definition
Pain associated with muscles
Term
Electromyography (EMG)
Definition
A test that measures the electrical activity in resting and contracting muscles
Term
Aerobic training
Definition
Regular repeated exercise which increase the supply of oxygen-rich blood available to skeletal muscles
Term
Myomalacia
Definition
Pathological softening of muscle tissue
Term
Spasticity
Definition
Increased muscle tone without coordination
Term
Muscular hyperplasia
Definition
Increase in the number of fibers due to increased production of myofibrils and other organelles
Term
Anabolic steroids (roids)
Definition
Hormones which increase muscle size and strength with many side influences
Term
Muscular hypertrophy
Definition
The muscle growth that occurs after birth occurs by enlargement of existing muscle fibers
Term
Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)
Definition
Delayed stiffness, tenderness, and swelling due to exercise
Term
Fasciculation
Definition
An involuntary, brief twitch of an entire motor unit that is visible under the skin
Term
Anaerobic training
Definition
Training which increases the anaerobic production of muscle ATP through glycolysis
Term
Muscular atrophy
Definition
Wasting away of muscles
Term
Rigor mortis
Definition
Muscle contraction after death
Term
Amblyopia (lazy eye)
Definition
A condition when one eye image is ignored.
Term
Back injury
Definition
Four risks that cause injury are: amount of force, repetition, posture, and stress applied to the backbone.
Term
Bell's palsy (facial paralysis)
Definition
A unilateral paralysis of the muscles of facial expression
Term
Carpal tunnel
Definition
A narrow passageway formed anteriorly by the flexor retinaculum and posteriorly by the carpal bones.
Term
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Definition
Caused by compression of the median nerve.
Term
Charley horse
Definition
Popular name for a cramp or stiffness of muscles due to tearing of the muscle, followed by bleeding. Commonly in the quadriceps femoris.
Term
Dysphagia
Definition
Difficulty in swallowing
Term
Endotracheal intubation
Definition
Placing a tube in the trachea to avoid blockage
Term
Episiotomy
Definition
A cut made with surgical scissors to prevent or direct tearing of the perineum during the birth of a baby.
Gravity on the mandible
Term
Gravity on the mandible
Definition
Tendency of the mandible to drop because of muscle imbalance.
Term
Groin pull
Definition
A rupture or tear of the muscles of the groin area
Term
Hernia
Definition
Protrusion of an organ through a structure that normally contains it.
Term
Impingement syndrome
Definition
A syndrome caused by repetitive movement over the head
Term
Inguinal hernia
Definition
A rupture or separation of a portion of the inguinal area of the abdominal wall. More common in males.
Term
Intramuscular injection (IM)
Definition
A syringe injection into the muscle..especially the deltoid of the arm
Term
Kegal exercises
Definition
Alternate contraction and relaxation of the muscles of the pelvic floor.
Term
Muscle strain
Definition
Tearing of fibers in a skeletal muscle or its tendon that attaches the muscle to bone.
Term
PRICE therapy
Definition
Protection, rest, ice, compression, and elevation
Term
Paralysis
Definition
Loss of muscle function through injury, disease, or damage to its nerve supply.
Term
Plantar fasciitis
Definition
Painful heel syndrome; an inflammatory reaction due to chronic irritation of the plantar fascia
Term
Pulled hamstrings
Definition
A strain or partial tear of the proximal hamstring muscles.
Term
Repetitive strain
Definition
Conditions resulting from overuse of equipment, poor posture, poor body mechanics or activity that requires repeated movements.
Term
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Definition
A tumor of skeletal muscle
Term
Rotator cuff injury
Definition
A strain or tear in the rotator cuff muscles
Term
Shin splints
Definition
Pain or soreness along the tibia.
Term
Static stretching
Definition
Slow sustained stretching that holds a muscle in a lengthened position.
Term
Strabismus
Definition
A condition in which the two eyes are not properly aligned
Term
Stretching
Definition
Done in order to achieve normal range of motion of joints and mobility of soft tissues surrounding the joints.
Term
Tic
Definition
Spasmodic twitching made involuntarily by muscles that are usually under conscious control.
Term
Torticollis
Definition
A contraction or shortening of the stenocleidomastoid muscle that causes the head to tilt.
Term
Urinary stress incontinence
Definition
Leakage of urine whenever intra-abdominal pressure is increased.
Term
Wryneck
Definition
Torticollis
Term
Agonist
Definition
An agent that binds to receptors and enhances or mimics the effect of a natural neurotransmitter.
Term
Antagonist
Definition
An agent that binds to and blocks neurotransmitter receptors.
Term
Depression
Definition
A disorder which causes the patient to feel depressed.
Term
Epilepsy
Definition
A disorder that is characterized by short, recurrent attacks of motor, sensory, or psychological malfunction. Almost never affects intelligence.
Term
Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS)
Definition
An acute demyelination disorder in which macrophages strip myelin from axons in the PNS.
Term
Local anesthetics
Definition
Drugs that block pain and other somatic sensations (i.e. Novocaine).
Term
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Definition
A disease that causes a progressive destruction of myelin sheaths surrounding neurons in the CNS.
Term
Neuroblastoma
Definition
A malignant tumor that consists of immature nerve cells. Occurs commonly in the abdomen and adrenal glands; Most common tumor in infants.
Term
Neuroblasts
Definition
Immature nerve cells
Term
Neuropathy
Definition
Any disorder that affects the nervous system, but particularly a disorder of a cranial or spinal nerve.
Term
Neurotoxins
Definition
Chemicals that produce their poisonous effects by acting on the nervous system.
Term
Rabies
Definition
A fatal disease caused by a virus that reaches the CNS via fast axonal transport. Usually transmitted by an infected dog or other meat-eating animal.
Term
Strychnine
Definition
Lethal poison that is mainly used as a pesticide to control small mammals. It binds and blocks glycine receptors and all skeletal muscles contract fully which suffocates the pests.
Term
TTX
Definition
Tetrodotoxin from the Japanese pufferfish
Term
Abdominal reflex
Definition
Reflex that involves contraction of the muscles that compress the abdominal wall
Term
Ankle jerk
Definition
Achilles reflex
Term
Areflexia
Definition
Loss of reflex function
Term
Babinski sign
Definition
Result from gentle stroking of the lateral outer margin of sole
Term
Calcaneovalgus
Definition
Injury to the sciatic nerve which results in dorsiblexion of the foot plus eversion
Term
Dermatome
Definition
An area of skin that provides sensory input to the CNS via a pair of spinal nerves.
Term
Diplegia
Definition
Paralysis of two limbs
Term
Epidural block
Definition
Injection of anesthetic drug into the epidural space for control of pain during child birth.
Term
Equinovarus
Definition
Inverted foot drop
Term
Foot drop
Definition
Damage to the common fibular nerve causes the foot to be plantar flexed.
Term
Hemiplegia
Definition
Paralysis of the upper limb, trunk, and lower limb on one side of the body
Term
Hemisection
Definition
A partial transaction of the spinal cord on either side.
Term
Injuries to the femoral nerve
Definition
Inability to extend the leg and loss of the sensation in the skin over the thigh.
Term
Injuries to the obturator nerve
Definition
Result in paralysis of the abductor muscle of the thigh and loss of sensation over the thigh.
Term
Knee jerk
Definition
Patellar reflex
Term
Median nerve palsy
Definition
Indicated by numbness, tingling, and pain in the palm and fingers
Term
Meningitis
Definition
Inflammation of the meningitis due to a bacteria.
Term
Monoplegia
Definition
Paralysis of one limb
Term
Myelitis
Definition
Inflammation of the spinal cord.
Term
Nerve block
Definition
Loss of sensation in a region due to injection of a local anesthetic
Term
Neuralgia
Definition
Attacks of pain along the entire course of a sensory nerve.
Term
Neuritis
Definition
Inflammation of one or several nerves.
Term
Paraplegia
Definition
Paralysis of both lower limbs
Term
Paresthesia
Definition
An abnormal sensation such as burning, pricking, etc. resulting from a disorder of a sensory nerve.
Term
Poliomyelitis (polio)
Definition
Caused by the polio virus. Virtually eradicated in the U.S.
Term
Post-polio syndrome
Definition
Neurological disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness.
Term
Quadriplegia
Definition
Paralysis of all four limbs
Term
Spinal tap
Definition
Lumbar puncture
Term
Sciatica
Definition
Injury to the sciatic nerve which results in pain extending down the leg.
Term
Shingles
Definition
An acute infection of the peripheral nervous system caused by the virus that causes chicken pox.
Term
Spinal cord compression
Definition
Compression on the spinal cord
Term
Spinal shock
Definition
An immediate response to spinal cord injury
Term
Thoracic outlet syndrome
Definition
Compression of the brachial plexus on one or more of its nerves
Term
Ulnar nerve palsy
Definition
Clawhand
Term
Waiter's tip position
Definition
ErbDuchenne palsy
Term
Winged scapula
Definition
Injury to the long thoracic nerve
Term
Wrist drop
Definition
Inability to extend the wrist and fingers
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