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Exam 3
Heart
69
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
11/16/2011

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Term
Heart facts
Definition
muscle,transfer of blood, size of fist, weighs <1 lbs
Term
heart location
Definition
in thorax, posterior to sternum, superior surface of diaphram, in mediastinum
Term
heart orientation
Definition
oblique position, apex(point) left and anterior, base is broad; posterior surface
Term
4 corners: superior right
Definition
costal cartilage of 3rd rib joins sternum
Term
4 corners: superior left
Definition
costal cartilage of 2nd rib, a fingers' breadth lateral to the sternum
Term
4 corners: inferior right
Definition
costal cartilage of teh 6th rib a fingers breadth lateral to the sternum
Term
4 corners: inferior left point (apex)
Definition
5th intercostal space at the midclavicular line
Term
covering: paricardium consists of
Definition
-triple layer sac
-pericarditis(inflamation, creeking noise)
Term
triple layer sac consists of
Definition
-fibrous paricardium
-serous pericardium
Term
serous paricardium consists of...
Definition
-parietal layer
-visceral layer(erpicardium)
-pericardial cavity
Term
Parietal layer
Definition
adheres to surface of fibrous pericardium
Term
visceral layer(epicardium)
Definition
lies on the heart, considered part of teh heart wall
Term
pericardial cavity
Definition
between the serous layers, contains serous fluid
Term
layers of the heart wall
Definition
epicardium,myocardium,endocardium
Term
epicardium
Definition
-aka visceral layer of serous
-superficial layer
Term
myocardium
Definition
-cardiac muscle, contracts
-cells arranged in circular/spiral networks called bundles
Term
endocardium
Definition
sheet of endothelium resting on thin CT layer, lines teh chambers and covers the valves
Term
chamber of the heart
Definition
-4chambers: 2 atria and 2 ventricles
Term
Atria
Definition
-singular=atrium
-blood comes into heart via atria
-walls are thinner than ventriles
-contract and push blood into ventricles simultaneously
-seperated by interatial septum (not permeable)
Term
Ventricles
Definition
-are thicker(epecially left side)
-serperated by interventucular septum
Term
right Atrium
Definition
-recieves systemic oxygen poor blood
-right auricle(external)
-2 portions of internal atrium
-opens into right ventricles
~ tricuspid (right atrioventicular(AV)) valve
Term
right atrium: where does it revieve systemic oxygen poor blood
Definition
superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus
Term
right atrium: 2 portons of internal atrium
Definition
-posterior part
-anterior part
-seperated by crista terminalis
Term
posterior part of the right atrium has
Definition
smooth walls
Term
Anterior part of the right atrium has
Definition
pectinate muscles
Term
crista terminalis(seperates posterior and anterior parts)
Definition
c- shpaed ridge important for locating sties where veins enter
Term
right ventricle
Definition
-recieves blood from right atrium and pumps it to lings via pulmonary trunk then arteries
-forms most of anterior surface of heart(external)
-internal structiors
Term
internal structures of the right ventricle
Definition
-trabeculae carneae
-papilary muscles
-chordae tendineae
-valve between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Term
right ventricle: trabeculae carneae
Definition
muscle ridges
Term
right ventricles: papillary muscles
Definition
cone-shaped muscles that project from wall
Term
right ventricles: chordae tendineae
Definition
project superiorly from papillary muscle to valve flaps of tricuspid valve
Term
valve between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Definition
pulmonary semilunar valve
Term
left atrium
Definition
-makes up most of base, recieves oxygen rich blood from lings via pulmonary veins (2 on right, 2 on left)
-auricle is external on anterior side
-pectinate muscles line auricle only; rest of both inside is smooth
-opens into left ventricle via the mitral (bicuspid, or left AV valve)
Term
left ventricle
Definition
-forms apex of heart, pumps blood systemically
-simiar to right ventricle, with trabeculae carneae, papillary muscles and chordae tendineae
-sends blood to body via aortic semilunar valve(aortic valve)
Term
valves of the heart
Definition
-AV valves
-semilunar valves-both have 3 cusps
Term
valves of the heart: AV valves
Definition
-between artia nad ventricles (there are 2)
-right side valve is know as tricuspid, left AV, or mitral(bishop hat shape)
Term
valves of teh heart: semilunar valves-both have 3 cusps
Definition
-between ventricles adn vessels leaving the heart (arteries)
-right side is between right ventricle adn pulmonary artery
-leftside is between left ventricle and aorta (aortic valve)
Term
contraction
Definition
systole
Term
relaxation
Definition
diastole
Term
heartbeat(valve)
Definition
atrial contraction followed by ventricle contraction
Term
"lup-dup"
Definition
sound is made by valves when they close
Term
lub
Definition
closing of AV valves at beginning of ventricular systole
Term
dup
Definition
closing of semilunar valves at end of ventricular systole
Term
Fibrous skeleton
Definition
-Made of dense CT
-Anchors valve cusps
-Prevents valves from opening too far
-Muscle insertion for cardiac bundles
-Blocks spread of electrical impulses directly from atria to ventricles
Term
blood flow through the heart
Definition
-2 atria and 2 ventricles
-muscular double pump with two functions
Term
blood flow through the heart: 2 atria
Definition
recieving chambers of heart
Term
blood flow though the heart: 2 ventricles:
Definition
pumping chambers of heart
Term
blood flow though the heart: muscular double pump functions
Definition
-pulmonary circuit
-systemic circuit
Term
pulmonary circuit
Definition
blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs
Term
systemic circuit
Definition
vessel that transport blood to and from body tissues
Term
electrical conduction
Definition
-SA node (sinoatrial)
-internodal pathway
-AV node (atrioventricular)
-Parasympathetic innervation
-Sympathetic innervation
-Atrioventricular bundle (formerly known as Bundle of His)
-Left/Right bundle branches
-Purkinje fibers (subendocardial branches)
Term
SA node (sinoatrial)
Definition
-Considered the pacemaker, beats 70-80 bpm
-Located in superior/posterior wall of right atrium
-Produces signal that spreads electrical impulse across both atria
-Valves are open
Term
Internodal pathway
Definition
Some impulses spread through this area on the way to AV node
Term
AV node (atrioventricular)
Definition
-Located at inferior aspect of interatrial septum
-Delays impulse so that atria contract first and ventricles finish filling
Term
Atrioventricular bundle (formerly known as Bundle of His)
Definition
Located in interventricular septum (top)
Term
Left/Right bundle branches
Definition
Branches from atrioventricular bundle, take signal to apex of heart
Term
Purkinje fibers (subendocardial branches)
Definition
-Approach apex and turn into ventricular walls, located in between endocardium and myocardium
-Are special cells (Purkinje myocytes) that maximize signal conduction
Term
Parasympathetic innervation
Definition
-SA and AV nodes, coronary arteries
-Vagus nerve branches (from neck and thorax)
Term
Sympathetic innervation
Definition
-SA and AV nodes, cardiac muscle
-Cervical/upper thoracic spinal nerves
Term
Blood Supply to/from Heart (1)
Definition
-Blood inside chambers doesn’t supply heart muscle itself
-Right and left coronary arteries branch off of aorta to serve heart
Term
Coronary artery disease (CAD):Atherosclerosis
Definition
fatty deposits accumulate in body’s arteries
Term
Coronary artery disease (CAD):
Arteriosclerosis
Definition
hardening/loss of elasticity of the arteries for any reason (NOT the same as atherosclerosis)
Term
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
Definition
arteries supplying the heart are blocked or narrowed (consequence of atherosclerosis)
Term
Angina pectoris:
Definition
chest pain due to low oxygen supply to heart muscles
Term
Myocardial infarction (MI):
Definition
heart attack; complete or prolonged coronary artery blockage (cardiac muscle cells die due to lack of oxygen)
Term
(Silent) ischemia
Definition
heart blood flow is interrupted, but there is no pain involved
Term
Heart failure
Definition
-Weakening of the heart
-Congestive heart failure: heart enlarges and pumping efficiency decreases
Term
Conduction system disorders:
Arrhythmia
Definition
variation from normal rhythm of heartbeat
Term
Fibrillation
Definition
-conduction system is disturbed
-Atrial fibrillation or Ventricular fibrillation
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