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Exam 3
endocrine system
89
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
11/14/2011

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Term
Endocrine system is a series of ductless glands that secrete hormones into the __________ system
Definition
circulatory
Term
Endocrine system=?
Definition
Endocrine organs & Hormones
Term
hormones travel to regions of teh body and_______________________
Definition
signal physiological responses
Term
which system does the endocrine system cooperate with?
Definition
Nervous system
Term
Nervous=?
Definition
faster activity
Term
endocrine=?
Definition
slower response but effect usually lasts longer
Term
Endocrinology
Definition
The study of hormones and endocrine glands
Term
endo or exo?
HAVE ducts
Definition
Exocrine glands
Term
endo or exo?
secreteonto body surface or into cavity
Definition
Exocrine glands
Term
endo or exo?
secretions travel directly onto target
Definition
exocrine glands
Term
endo or exo?
secretions are usually fluids, lube, enzymes
Definition
Exocrine glands
Term
endo or exo?
Ex. sweat, salivary, mucous
Definition
Exocrine glands
Term
endo or exo?
ductLESS
Definition
Endocrine glands
Term
endo or exo?
secrete hormones
Definition
Endocrine glands
Term
endo or exo?
function is regulation homeostasis
Definition
Endocrine glands
Term
endo or exo?
hormones dumped right into blood stream, act on target cells
Definition
Endocrine glands
Term
name the pure endocrine organs
Definition
pituitary glands
pineal gland
thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
adrenal gland
Term
name the endocrine organs belonging to other body systems
Definition
pancreas
thymus
gonads
hypothalamus
Term
give an example of an organ that can secrete hormones too
Definition
heart
digestive tract
Term
hormone classes
Definition
amino acids(proteins)
steroid (lipid)
Term
hormone actions
Definition
-cirulate through bloodstream, leave through capilariesand affect only the target cellls
-target cells have receptors where hormones bind
-hormones themselves are just triggers which set off preprogrammed responses
Term
what are the 3 major types of stimuli?
Definition
humoral
neural
hormonal
Term
humoral stimuli
Definition
-secretion in response to levels of ions and nutrients in the blood
-simplist endocrine control mechanism
-ex. parathyroid gland monitors calcium of blood adn responds to declines by releasing hormones in increase calcium levels
Term
nueral stimuli
Definition
-secretion in response to nervous system
-ex. sympathetic nerver fibers stimulate teh cells in the adrenal medulla to release epiniphrine and norepinephrine
Term
hormonal stimuli
Definition
-secretion in response to hormones secreted by other glads
-ex. hypothalamus secretes hormones which stimulate the thyroid, adrenal cortex, and gonads to secrete hormones
Term
pituitary gland
anterior lobe(adenohypophysis)location
Definition
ventral portion under hypothalamus
Term
pituitary gland
anterior lobe(andenohypophysis)secretions
Definition
hormones that regulate growth and secretion of other glands, tissues(called tropic or stimulating hormones)
Term
secretion of anterior lobe
growth hormone(GH;somatotropin)
Definition
regulates growth of body cells promotes cell division
Term
secretions of anterior lobe
melanocyte stimulating hormone(MSH)
Definition
causes darkening of skin by stimulating melanin
Term
secretions of anterior lobe
thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH;thyrotropin)
Definition
regulates thyroid gland, but hypothalamus also partially contronls
Term
secrtions of anterior lobe
adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH)
Definition
promotes functioning of adrenal cortex
Term
secretions anterior lobe
follicle stimulating hormone(FSH)
Definition
in females it regulates monthly development of follicle and egg and secretion of estrogen
Term
secretions anterior lobe
luteinizing hormone(LH)
Definition
-works with FSH
-in females helps bring about ovulation, formation of proesterone
-in males it stimulates testosterone development and secretion
Term
secretions anterior lobe
prolactin
Definition
secreted in both males and females, but functions more in females after birth;responsible for milk production
Term
targets of the anterior lobe
Definition
other endocrine glands(thyroid, adrenal, gonads)
Term
effects of the anterior lobe
Definition
generally stimulates tissue growth, and gland secretion, essential for growth, development maturation
Term

pituitary gland

posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) location

Definition
dorsal is considered part of the brain; has nervous tissue
Term
pituitary gland secretions
Definition
ADH(antidiuretic hormone or vasopression)
Term
pituitary gland targets/effects
Definition

~ADH

-kidney=helps to retain water (decrease urine flow) ~oxytocin

-uterus=contractions, deliveries

-breasts=lactation

Term
thyroid gland location
Definition
anterior neck, inferior to the larynx;just below adams apple
Term
thyroid glad secretions
Definition

thyroid hormone(TH);2 simuliar molecules

 -** released when signaled by TSH

-thyroxine= T4, triiodothyronine=T3 -peptide hormone which contians iodine, needed for funtion

 -targets almost all body tissues to increase basal metabolic rate Calcitonin

- targets bones

- retains calcium inhibits osteoclasts(decreases blood calcium, keeps calcium in bones)

Term
parathyroid gland location
Definition
4 tiny glands, superior and inferior pair on each lateral lobe of the posterior thyroid
Term
parathyroid secretion
Definition
parathyroid hormone(PTH), protein hormone made by cheif cells
Term
parathyroid targets/effects
Definition

bone: increases calcium release

small intestine: increases Ca absorption (by activating Vitamin D)

kidneys: decreases Ca excretion

NET effect: increases Ca in bloodstream, decreases amount in bones

Term
adrenal glands location
Definition
superior to kidneys
Term
adrenal cortex definition
Definition
bulk of gland, controlled by ACTH from anterior pituitary
Term

adrenal cortex

secretion

Definition
secretes over 30 hormones called corticosteroids
Term

adrenal cortex

 location

Definition
cortex(outer portion)
Term

adrenal cortex

secretions

Definition

-2 classes: mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids

-aldosterone= mineralocorticoid that targets the kidney

 -cortisol=glucocorticoid that targets the liver and muscles

Term

adrenal medulla

controlled by

Definition
sympathetic nervous system
Term

adrenal medulla

 location

Definition
inside portion of gland
Term

adrenal medulla

 secretion

Definition
epinephrine and norepinephrine
Term

adrenal medulla

targets

Definition
all sympathetic target organs
Term

adrenal medulla

effects

Definition

reinforces sympathetic massactivation,

hormonal effect lasts longer (10 x longer)

flight or fight reposnse

Term

Pineal gland

shape

Definition
shaped like a pine cone
Term
pineal gland location
Definition
roof of third ventricle, dorsal to thalamus, dorsal/superior to midbrain
Term
Pineal gland function
Definition
function is unkown in humans
Term
pineal gland secretion
Definition
melatonin (not melanin)
Term
pineal gland target
Definition
hypothalumus
Term
pineal gland effect
Definition
helps regulate circadian rhythm, sleep, increases secreation in the dark
Term
endo or exo? pancreas
Definition
both glands
Term
pancreas location
Definition
posterior abdominal wall, middle left side(stomach is superior to it, transverse colon is inferior to it, kidneys are dorsal to it)
Term
pancreas secretions(protein hormones)
Definition
pancreaticislets are responsible for endocrine function- 2 cell types (alpha, beta)
Glucagon: helps to release fuel into bloodstream-comes from alpha islet cells
insulin: helps to store glucose/fuel(decrease amount in bloodstream)- comes from beta islets cells
-thus insulin is released in a HYPERglycemic state and has a HYPOglycemic effect
Term
pancreas target/effects
Definition
glucagon signals liver to release glucose from stored glycogen; insulin signals liver to store as glycogen
Term
thymus location
Definition
farther down trachea from thyroid, rests on top of pericardial sac in the mediastinum(base of neck)-in front of arota, behind sternum
Term
thymus secretions
Definition
thymic hormone (thymosin, thymopoietin);peptide hormone
Term
thymus target
Definition
lymphoid tissues(especially nodes)
Term
thymus effect
Definition
increases lymphocyte production especially T cells; helps maintain immunity- gland is much larger in children, regresses in size after puberty
Term
gonads: female ovaries location
Definition
upper pelvic cavity, one on each side of the uterus
Term
gonads: females ovaries secretion
Definition
not purely endocrine gland; also preduces egg cells, estrogen, progesterone (steroids)
Term
gonads: female ovaries
Definition
estrogens- most body tissues, growth adn development, sex drive
progesterone- uterus- edometrial proliferation in pregnancy (preping uterus for implantation)
Term
gonads: male-testes loaction
Definition
scrotum
Term
gonads: male-testes secretions
Definition
androgens(steroids; primarily testosterone)
Term
gonads: male-testes endo or exo?
Definition
not purely endo, produces sperm
Term
gonads: male-testes targets/effects
Definition
most body tissues; growth and development, sex drive
Term
Heart endocrine structure
Definition
ANP decreases excess blood volume, high BP and high sodium concentration- stimulates kidney to increase salt secretions
Term
GI tract (stomach & intestines):
gastrin
Definition
released by stomach- stimulates HCl
Term
GI tract: secretion
Definition
released by small intestine- stimulates gall bladder, pancreatic juices
Term
GI tract: CCK
Definition
released by small intestine- stimulate gallbladder, pancreatic juices
Term
GI tract: GIP
Definition
released by small intestine- inhibits gastric emptying and secretion
Term
GI tract: targets and effects
Definition
secretions and activity of GI tract
Term
placenta
Definition
influences pregnancy
Term
Kidneys: secretion
Definition
secrete erythropoietin
Term
Kidney: targets/effects
Definition
red bone marrow, stimulate RBC production
Term
Skin: endocrine structure
Definition
precusor to vitamin D is produced by modified cholesterol molecules after exposer to UV light signals calcium absorption from small intestine
Term
endo system disorders: Pituitary
Definition
gigantism: tumor causes hypersecreation of GH in children (extreme tallness)
Acromegaly: excessive GH secretion after epiphyseal growth plates fuse(enlargement of hands, feet, face)
Term
endo system disorders: Pituitary
Definition
gigantism: tumor causes hypersecreation of GH in children (extreme tallness)
Acromegaly: excessive GH secretion after epiphyseal growth plates fuse(enlargement of hands, feet, face)
Term
endo system disorders: pancreas
Definition
diabetes mellitus: insufficient insulin or inability of cells to react to insulin (blood sugar is high)
type 1- need insulin injected
type 2-"adult onset" reduced insulin sensitivity
Term
endo system disorders: Thyroid
Definition
graves' disease: oversecretion of thyroid hormone (elevated metabolic rate, rapid HR, sweating, etc.)
Hypothyroidism: hyposecretions of thyroid hormone (low metabollic rate, weight gaine, lethargy, etc)
Goiter: enlarged thyroid gland due to lack of iodine
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