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Exam 3
Anatomy and Physioiogy 1
62
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
03/05/2011

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Cards

Term
Melanocytes
Definition
number the same for all race; melanin produced in a melanosome
Term
Albino
Definition
has no pigment and white hair
Term
Hypothermia
Definition
low body temp; can lead to mental confusion, lethargy, unconsciousness. If core temp drops too much = death. intentionally introduced for certain types of sugery (heart, brain, spinal cord)
Term
Scab
Definition
Forms from clot and dried fluids
Term
Cytrocrine Secretion
Definition
cellular extensions of melanocytes extend up between cells, passing pigment granules to cells
Term
Arrector Pili Muscle
Definition
bundle of smooth muscle attached to hair follicle when contracted, causes goosebumps and hair to "stand"
Term
Cyanosis
Definition
low hemoglobin- bluish skin
Term
Keratin
Definition
Term
Dermal Papillae
Definition
Ridges between dermis and epidermis
Term
Lunula
Definition
the white part at base of the nail
Term
Jaundice
Definition
Liver malfunction-yellow
Term
3 layers of integument
Definition
Epidermis- 5 layers, older layers develop keratin, protein, and harden
Dermis- contains collagen & elastic fibers in gel-like matrix, smooth muscle cells, nerve cell processes, blood vessels, hair follicles, glands
Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)- adipose tissue insulates, no boundary between dermis and hypodermis, major blood vessels serve skin
Term
5 layers of the epidermis
Definition
Stratum Corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Basale
Term
How is hair color determined?
Definition
the type and amount of pigment
dark hair- much eumelanin
red/blond- have pheomelanin
Albino- no pigment
Term
Name/describe the layers of the hair shaft
Definition
Medulla- inner 2-3 rows of cells with pigment and air space
Cortex- middle part of elongated cells-pigment in dark hair, air in white hair
Cuticle- single outer layer of flat, keratinized cells that overlap like shingles
Term
Sebaceous Glands
Definition
Location-neck, face and chest
Function- moistens hair and waterproofs skin
Secretes- fats, cholesterol, proteins, salts, and cell debris (sebum)
usually connected to the hair follicle
Term
Eccrine Glands (sweat glands)
Definition
Location-palms and soles of feet (emotional stress)
Secrete- mostly water and some salts and waste
Function-produce sweat in response to heat and physical activity (neck, forehead, and back)
carried by duct to a pore
Term
Apocrine Glands (sweat glands)
Definition
Secretes odor due to bacterial activity
Duct opens to hair follicle
Active during emotional stress, pain, and sexual excitement
Location- armpits, groin, around nipples
Term
Ceruminous glands (modified sweat glands)
Definition
secrete ear wax (cerumen)
Term
Mammary Glands (modified sweat glands)
Definition
secret milk
Term
How is body temperature regulated? (to lower)
Definition
Physical activity causes muscles to release heat; heat is carried away by blood; warmed blood reaches hypothalamus; dermal vessels dilate and deep vessels constrict; body heat is lost to surroundings (radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation)
Term
How is body temperature regulated? (to raise)
Definition
dermal vessels constrict, skeletal muscles contract slightly; muscle groups contract rhythmically (shivering)
Term
1st degree burns
Definition
superficial partial-thickness; injures only epidermis, heals quickly
Term
2nd degree burns
Definition
deep partial-thickness; destroys some epidermis and dermis; fluid from damaged capillaries forms blisters; skin usually recovers without scars (unless infection)
Term
3rd degree burns
Definition
full thickness; destroys epidermis, dermis, accessory organs; treatment may involve autograft, homograft, or skin substitute
Term
What determines skin color?
Definition
Genetics, environment, and physiological factors
Term
Diaphysis
Definition
shaft of the bone
Term
Epiphysis
Definition
ends of bones
Term
Articular Cartilage
Definition
Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering epiphysis
Term
Medullary Canal
Definition
Cavity in diaphysis containing yellow marrow
Term
Edosteum
Definition
membrane lining medullary canal and other internal surfaces
Term
Periosteum
Definition
membrane covering bone (look on slide #7 for details)
Term
Trabeculae
Definition
branching plates
Term
Osteoblast
Definition
Immature bone-forming cells that secrete collagen, matrix
Term
Osteocytes
Definition
mature bone cells, maintain
Term
Osteoclast
Definition
destroy bone for development, growth, repair
Term
Spongy bone
Definition
(cancellous) trabeculae with lots of space filled with red marrow-found at ends of long bones and inside short, flat, irregular bones
Term
Compact Bone
Definition
(dense) continuous matrix with no gaps that provides protection and support-forms external layer of all bones
Term
Volkman's Canal
Definition
Term
Haversian Canal
Definition
Term
Canaliculi
Definition
connects lacunae to each other and to central canal
Term
Fontanels
Definition
soft spots-still membrane
Term
Epiphyseal Plate
Definition
Hyaline cartilage remains between epiphysis and diaphysis, responsible for long bone growth
Term
Hematopoeisis
Definition
blood cell formation in red marrow
Term
appositional growth
Definition
growth in thickness; bone lining medullary canal is destroyed by osteoclasts in endosteum; osteoblasts from periosteum add new bone to outer surface
Term
Osteoporosis
Definition
loss of bone mass, particularly trabeculae
Term
Axial skeleton
Definition
Bones of head, neck, trunk
Term
Appendicular Skeleton
Definition
bones of arms and legs, pelvic and pectoral girdle
Term
Hematoma
Definition
blood clots
Term
Red Marrow
Definition
Found: spongy bone of skull, pelvis, ribs, sternum, clavicles, vertebrae
Blood cell production
Term
Yellow Marrow
Definition
Found: fat and medullary canal
energy storage
Term
Endochondral Ossification
Definition
formation of bone in hyaline cartilage; most bones
Term
Intramembranous Ossification
Definition
occurs directly in connective tissue membranes
Flat bones of skull, mandible, clavicles
Term
Simple Fracture
Definition
Closed fracture; does not break skin
Term
Compound Fracture
Definition
Open; breaks skin
Term
Spiral Fracture
Definition
caused by twisting
Term
Greenstick Fracture
Definition
incomplete fracture
Term
What 3 vitamins are needed for proper bone function and what does each do?
Definition
Vitamin D- needed for proper calcium absorption
Vitamin A- osteoblast and osteoclast activity
Vitamin C- collagen synthesis
Term
Physical Stress stimulates bone ____
Definition
growth
Term
Which is the larges bone of the body?
Definition
Femur
Term
What is the shin bone called?
Definition
Tibia
Term
Bone in the neck that does not articulate with other bones?
Definition
Hyoid Bone
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