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Exam 3
people,places,events
131
History
Undergraduate 1
12/09/2008

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Term
manor
Definition
complex of rents, renders, dues, fines, and fields
Term
lord
Definition
played dominant role in forcing manorial system creation and took the greatest benefits
Term
serf
Definition
previously free peasants; worked for manorial lords without pay
Term
three field crop rotation system
Definition
one third of the land would lie fallow; one third would be planted with winter wheat or rye; one third would be planted with another crop sown during spring; rotated over three-year cycle
Term
guilds
Definition
professional associations who regulated work of artisans
Term
Saints Cyril and Methodius
Definition
Byzantine missionaries converted the Balkan Slavs to Orthodox Christianity
Term
Old Church Slavonic; Cyrillic Alphabet
Definition
written language devised by Saints Cyril and Methodius to help convert Slavs
Term
Basil II
Definition
"the Bulgar-slayer"; made alliance with the Rus king Vladimir to attack Muslim Crete; also defeated rival Bardas Phokas with help of Vladimir
Term
Vladimir
Definition
leader of the Rus; ally of Byzantine emporer Basil II
Term
Anna
Definition
Basil II sister; given to Vladimir in marriage as gift for alliance
Term
orthodoxy
Definition
correct belief
Term
Seljuk Turks
Definition
a new Sunni Muslim power emerged in central Asia rivaling with Byzantium
Term
Manzikert
Definition
Seljuk Turks captured Armenia; emporer tried to expel them during this final battle
Term
Alexis Comnenus
Definition
rebuilt the treasury and restored Byzantine control over the Balkans and began a campaign against the Turks; requested help from Pope Urban II
Term
Pope Urban II
Definition
set in motion a vast crusading army of 100,000 Westerners to retake the Holy City of Jerusalem for Christendom
Term
ecclesiatical council at Clermont
Definition
announced the First Crusade and Urban promulgated the first full papal approval of peace movement
Term
plenary indulgence
Definition
crusaders would be entirely freed from otherworldly punishments in purgatory
Term
First Crusade
Definition
crusaders captured Antioch and most of Syria; led by Alexius Comnenus through Constantinople and into Asia Minor; succeeded in capturing Jerusalem
Term
Saladin
Definition
united Syria and Egypt; great Muslim leader; recaptured Jerusalem
Term
Third Crusade
Definition
led by German emperor Fredrick Barbarossa, French king Philip Augustus, and English king Richard the Lionheart; looked to retake Jerusalem from Saladin but failed after Barbarossa drowned and Philip went home
Term
Innocent III
Definition
dreamed to win back Jerusalem; summoned the Fourth Crusade
Term
Michael VIII Palaeologus
Definition
with help of Genoese recovered the Byzantine throne and control over Constantinople; later conquered by Ottoman Turks
Term
Emporer Frederick II
Definition
Roman emporer who negotiated a treaty with Egyptian sultan that returned Jerusalem to Christian control for ten years
Term
Napoleon
Definition
last of the Western Roman emporers; led a successful but short-lived crusade
Term
chivalry
Definition
knightly code of values which stressed bravery, loyalty, generosity, skill with weapons, proper manners
Term
cult of courtly love
Definition
made noble women into objects of veneration for their knightly admirers
Term
Queen Urraca
Definition
ruled combined kingdom of Leon-Castile
Term
Blanche of Castile
Definition
ruled france extremely well twice; once during the minority of her son Louis IX and once when he was crusading
Term
consuls
Definition
controlled governments entrusted by many north Italian cities
Term
commune
Definition
informal association of citizens undertook a wide variety of governmental funcitions side by side with counsels
Term
lordships
Definition
self contained territories within which counts and knights exercised not only the property of rights of landlords over peasants but also the public rights to mint money,judge legal cases and raise troops
Term
feudalism
Definition
highly decentralized political system in which "public" pwers of minting, justice, taxation, and defense were vested in the hands of private lords
Term
fief
Definition
term for "fee"; kind of contract in which someone granted something of value (land) to someone else in return for service
Term
vassal
Definition
recipient of the fief
Term
lord
Definition
giver of the fief
Term
Duke William of Normandy
Definition
laid claim to the English crown and crossed the Channel to conquer what he claimed
Term
battle of Hastings
Definition
English King Harold and his troops fought and lost to the Normans; Normans ruled England
Term
King William the Conqueror
Definition
formerly Duke William of Normandy; claimed that all the land of England belonged to him and therefore all the land in England must be held from him in return for feudal service of some sort
Term
Henry I
Definition
William the Conqueror's son; took steps in creating a strong national monarchy; created Exchequer; appointed sheriffs
Term
Exchequer
Definition
specialized administrative office; used an abacuslike checkered cloth to calculate receipts and expenditures
Term
Henry II
Definition
grandson of Henry I; restored his grandfather's administrative system; expanded the use of juries to determine facts in civil cases; developed the system of writs
Term
writs
Definition
regularized, inexpensive way for common people to seek justice
Term
Constitutions of Clarendon
Definition
Henry II tried to force the bishops of England to accept his claim that by ancient customs, clerics convicted in church courts of serious crimes should first lose their clerical status and then handed over to the royal court
Term
Archbishop Thomas Beckett
Definition
objected to Council of Clarendon declarin it a double jeopardy; killed by Henry II knights; martyr and saint
Term
John
Definition
brother of Richard the Lionheart; lost all of the Angevin lands in France; forced massive fines from his nobility and imposed heavy taxes on the country to recover his lost French territories
Term
Magna Carta
Definition
great charter of liberties; taxation could not be raised by the crown without consent given by the nobility in a common council; no free man could be punished by the crown; expressed the principle that the king is bound by the law
Term
Parliament
Definition
emerged as a separate branch of government; very much a royal institution, summoned because kings found it useful to consult with their nobles, knights and townsmen in a single assembly
Term
Lous VI "the Fat"
Definition
consolidated royal control and subdued the turbulent "robber barons";began growth of royal power in France
Term
Louis VII
Definition
increase the resources and the prestige of the French monarchy; kept Angevin empire in a constant state of discord by inciting rebellions against English King Henry II
Term
Philip II
Definition
was payed homage by English King John for all the lands in France; declared all John's lands in France to be forfeit to the French crown
Term
Louis IX
Definition
canonized by the church as St. Louis; known as "good King Louis"
Term
Philip IV "the Fair"
Definition
waged aggressive wars against Flanders and England; voracious money-raising machine
Term
Estates General
Definition
French representative assembly; never played a role in French government comparable to Parliament in England
Term
Pope Gregory VII
Definition
became convinced that to reform the spiritual life of the church it was necessary first to free the church from teh control of laymen, including the emporer
Term
Henry IV
Definition
plotted to remove Gregory from the papacy
Term
Frederick I Barbarossa
Definition
reasserted teh independent dignity of the empire by calling his realm the "Holy Roman Empire";
Term
Lombard League
Definition
resisted Fredericks's claim to rule in Italy
Term
Innocent III
Definition
threw all energy into an attempt to break the links between Germany, northern Italy and the kingdom of Sicily
Term
battle of Bouvines
Definition
Otto's forces were routed by King Philip Augustus of France
Term
Frederick II
Definition
undisputed king of Germany; forced imperial rights in Italy; overreached himself by asserting his rights s emperor to rule the north Italian cities
Term
Cluny
Definition
a Benedictine house with two important constitutional innovations: one was that in order to keep it free from domination by local noble families or the local bishop Cluny was placed directly under the control of the papacy..second it undertook the reform or foundation of a large number of "daughter" monasteries
Term
simony
Definition
buying or selling of an office
Term
Henry III
Definition
German emperor came to Rome deposed all three of the local Roman nobles who claimed to be pope and appointed Pope Leo IX
Term
Pope Nicholas II
Definition
issued a new decree on papal elections vesting the right to elect a pope solely with the College of Cardinals
Term
Concordat of Worms
Definition
ended the Investiture Conflict
Term
Gratian
Definition
massive compilation and codification of the decrees of previous popes and church councils quickly became the standard collection of church law or "canon" law
Term
Pope Innocent III
Definition
consolidated papal states
Term
Pope Gregory VII
Definition
argued with King Henry IV over the Concordat of Worms
Term
Fourth Lateran Council
Definition
eucharist and Confession
Term
Frederick II
Definition
had the first crusade called against him for political reasons
Term
Pope Boniface VIII
Definition
decline in papal power
Term
King Philip IV
Definition
deliberately challenged Pope Boniface by preparing to try a French bishop for treason in violation of canon law protections for clergy
Term
Clement V
Definition
took over after Boniface; forced by Philip IV to justify the kings attack on Boniface
Term
Cistercians
Definition
founded by St. Bernard; contemplation/quiet prayer/ self exemination/ patron saint was the Virgin Mary
Term
Carthusians
Definition
monks required to live in seperate cells, abstain from meat, fast three days each week on bread, water, and salt
Term
Saint Bernard of Clairvaux
Definition
a spellbinding preacher, brilliant writer and most influential European religious personality of his age; founder of Cistercian order
Term
transubstantiation
Definition
priest during mass cooperates with God in the performance of a miracle whereby the bread and wine on the alter are changed into the body and blood of Christ
Term
Hildegard of Bingen
Definition
described her religous visions, dictated in freshly original Latin prose, were so compelling that contemporaries had no difficulty in believing she was directly inspired by God
Term
Cathars
Definition
all matter was created by an evil principle and that holiness required extreme ascetic practices
Term
Waldensians
Definition
heretical movement called for lay to imitate th life of Christ and the apostles
Term
Dominicans
Definition
founded by St. Dominic; dedicated to the fight against heresy and also to the conversion of Jews and Muslims; fought heresy through legal argument
Term
St. Thomas Aquinas
Definition
Dominican who addressed one of his major theological works to converting the gentiles; wrote SUMMA THEOLOGICA
Term
Fransiscans
Definition
founded by Francis of Assisi; preached the word of God
Term
Charlemagne
Definition
ordered that primary schools be established in every bishopric and monastery in his realm
Term
Renaissance of the Twelfth Century
Definition
called this because of new interest in classical literary and philosophical texts
Term
University of Bologna
Definition
earliest Italian university; Europes leading center for the study of law
Term
University of Paris
Definition
started out as a cathedral school but began to become a recognized center of northern intellectual life
Term
Peter Abelard
Definition
famous teacher at University of Paris;
Term
Robert Grosseteste
Definition
most advanced scientist who made very significant theoretical advances in mathematics, astronomy, and optics; formulated explanation of rainbow
Term
Roger Bacon
Definition
famous for predicting automobiles and flyin machines; follower of Grosseteste; properties of lenses; rapid speed of light
Term
Scholasticism
Definition
a highly systematic method of learning and teaching that was highly respectful of authority
Term
Sic et Non (Yes and No)
Definition
written by Peter Abelard; prepared the way for the scholastic method by gathering a collection of statements from church fathers that spoke for both sides of one hundred fifty theological questions
Term
Peter Lombard
Definition
student of Peter Abelard; wrote Book of Sentences
Term
Goliards
Definition
group of poets; lyrics celebrated the beauties of the change of season, carefree life of the open road, the pleasure of drinking and sport, and the joys of love
Term
romances
Definition
longer narrative poems written in the vernacular Romance languages
Term
Chretien de Troyes
Definition
first great writer of Arthurian romances
Term
fabliau
Definition
verse fable
Term
Dante Alighieri
Definition
wrote the Divine Comedy
Term
Gothic Cathedrals
Definition
qualities of vast scope. balance of intricate detail with careful symmetry, soaring height, and affirmative religious grandeur
Term
mosaic
Definition
fresco
Term
Romanesque
Definition
aimed to manifest the majesty of god in stone by rigorously subordinating all architectural detail to a uniform system; rounded arch, massive stone walls, enormous piers, small windows,
Term
Great Famine
Definition
deadly famine made worse by epedemic diseases that swept through sheep flocks and cattle herds
Term
Black Death
Definition
combined onslaught of bubonic and pneumonic plague that swept through Europe; originated in Gobi Desert of Mongolia
Term
double entry bookkeeping
Definition
allowed for quick discovery of computational errors and esy overview of profits and losses, credits and debits
Term
rising of the Jaqueri
Definition
French uprising led by Jacques Bonhomme who suffered more than he could endure from plague and war; rose up burning castles, murdering lords, and raping lords wives
Term
English Peasants Revolution
Definition
most serious lower-class revolution in England; revolt from combination of rising economic expectations combined with political grievances associated with English defeats in the war with France
Term
Wat Tyler
Definition
leader of the English Peasants Revolution; killed by King Richard II escort
Term
Ciompi
Definition
wool combers; revolted in Florence; pushed through radical reform program
Term
Avignon
Definition
small papal territory on the southwestern border of France; fell under the close supervision of the French monarchy
Term
Great Schism
Definition
confusion producing three different popes claiming to be the legitimately elected pope
Term
Pope Martin V
Definition
restored order after teh Great Schism
Term
Council of Constance
Definition
ended the Great Schism
Term
Master Eckhart
Definition
a german Dominican who taught that there was a power deep within every human soul that was really the dwelling place of God; emphasized mystacism
Term
Thomas a Kempis
Definition
wrote the Imitation of Christ
Term
John Wyclef
Definition
Oxford theologian; believed that a certain number of humans are predestined to be saved while the rest were damned
Term
Lollards
Definition
followers of John Wyclef
Term
Jan Hus
Definition
eloquent Bohemian preacher; emphasized the centrality of the Eucharist ot Christian piety by demanding that the laity should receive the consecrated bread but also the consecrated wine
Term
Utraquism
Definition
receiving the blood of Christ at Mass
Term
Jan Zizka
Definition
blind general who lead Taberites against crusading knights sent by the papacy
Term
Hundred Years War
Definition
struggle between England and France over French lands
Term
Joan of Arc
Definition
Female drove English out of France before being burned at the stake for witchcraft
Term
War of the Roses
Definition
aristocratic rebellion between King Henry of Lancaster and his rival Duke of York; red rose stood for Henry; white rose stood for Duke of York; 6 years
Term
Batu
Definition
grandson of Gehghis Khan and commander of Mongols; conquered most of the eastern Slavic States
Term
khanate of the Golden Horde
Definition
Mongol state on the lower Volga river
Term
Ivan the Great
Definition
expanded Duke of Muschavy over Rus
Term
William of Ockham
Definition
English Franciscan; developed nomenalism
Term
nomenalism
Definition
only individual things, not collectivities, are real and that one thing therefore cannot be understood by means of another
Term
Boccaccio
Definition
wrote Decarmen
Term
Chaucer
Definition
wrote the Canterbury Tales
Term
Christine de Pizane
Definition
wrote the City of Ladies
Term
Giotto
Definition
painter of the later Middle Ages; brought deep humanity to the religious images he painted on both walls and movable panels
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