Term
|
Definition
| cells of similar types are clustered together in the body to perform certain functions |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 types of tissues |
|
Definition
| epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of structures that can be seen with the naked eyes |
|
|
Term
| What is microscopic anatomy? |
|
Definition
| study of the microscopic structures of tissues and organs (histology) |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of epithelial tissue? |
|
Definition
| Protects, covers, lines, filters, absorbs nutrients, sensory input, secretions, excretions |
|
|
Term
| Common characteristics of epithelial? |
|
Definition
| Polar (basal surface and apical surface), junctional complexes, avascular, innervated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bring cells close together for no room for extracellular matrix |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 cellular attachments? |
|
Definition
| Tight junction, desmosome, gap junctions, basement membrane |
|
|
Term
| Examples of surface specialization |
|
Definition
| smooth, microvilli, brush border, cilia, keratin |
|
|
Term
| How are epithelia classified? |
|
Definition
| Number of layers of cells (simple vs. stratified) and shape of cells (squamous vs. cuboidal vs. columnar) |
|
|
Term
| Where is simple squamous epithelium? |
|
Definition
| Found lining surfaces involved in either passage of either gas or liquid (mesothelium and endothelium) |
|
|
Term
| Where is simple cuboidal epithelium? |
|
Definition
| found in areas of secretion and absorption (glands) |
|
|
Term
| Where is simple columnar epithelium? |
|
Definition
| goblet cells and absorptive cells associated with absorption and secretion |
|
|
Term
| Where is stratified squamous epithelium? |
|
Definition
| found in mouth, esophagus, skin (protects underlying tissues) |
|
|
Term
| Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium? |
|
Definition
| found along large excretory ducts (sweat glands, mammary glands, salivary glands) |
|
|
Term
| Where is stratified columnar epithelium? |
|
Definition
| found in respiratory system, digestive system, and reproductive system |
|
|
Term
| What is pseudostratified epithelium? |
|
Definition
| not truly stratified cells found in respiratory tract and portions of male reproductive tract |
|
|
Term
| What is transitional squamous epithelium? basal layer of cuboidal or columnar cells and the superficial layer of squamous cells. Found in ureters, urethra, and bladder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells or groups of cells that manufacture and discharge a secretion |
|
|
Term
| How are glands classified? |
|
Definition
| Presence or absence of ducts, number of cells, shape of secreting ducts, glandular structure, type of secretion, way secretion is stored and discharges |
|
|
Term
| What are endocrine glands? |
|
Definition
| Produce and secrete hormones into bloodstream or lymphatic system |
|
|
Term
| Examples of endocrine glands? |
|
Definition
| Pituitary and adrenal glands |
|
|
Term
| What are exocrine glands? |
|
Definition
| Possess ducts and discharge and secrete into local areas |
|
|
Term
| What is the exception for exocrine glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are other examples of exocrine glands? |
|
Definition
| Hepatoid, musk, sweat, salivary, liver, pancreas glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| branched with a single opening to the outside |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long channel of even width |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long channel with rounded sac at end |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| both tubular and alveolar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secretory cells remain intact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glands store their secretions, top part of cell is released into the duct system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| entire cell is destroyed in the act of releasing its product |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| watery, high concentration of enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secretion thick, viscous, composed of glycoproteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| both serous and mucous components |
|
|
Term
| Functions of connective tissue |
|
Definition
| metabolic and structural connections, protection, isolation for the body, reserve for energy, framework to support the body, transportation, healing process |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of connective tissue |
|
Definition
| most abundant, vascularized |
|
|
Term
| Components of connective tissue |
|
Definition
| ground substance, extracellular fibers, and reticular fibers |
|
|
Term
| What does ground substances do? |
|
Definition
| Medium which cells exchange nutrients and waste with blood |
|
|
Term
| What are extracellular fibers? |
|
Definition
| Collagenous fibers, that surround organs and produce tendons and ligaments |
|
|
Term
| What are reticular fibers? |
|
Definition
| Thin, delicate branched networks of collagen that provide support for organs such as exocrine glands, lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and liver |
|
|
Term
| Where are elastic fibers located? |
|
Definition
| Vocal cords, lungs, skin, walls of blood vessels (tissues subject to stretching) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fixed cell and transient cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| remain in connective tissue and is involve in the production and maintenance of matrix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fibroblast, chondroblast, osteoblast, adipocyte, reticular cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Passes in and out of connective tissue (diapedesis), and is involved in the repair and protection of tissue |
|
|
Term
| Examples of Transient cells |
|
Definition
| leukocytes, macrophages, mast cells |
|
|
Term
| Examples of connective tissue |
|
Definition
| blood, tendons, fat, cartilage, bone |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of loose connective tissue? |
|
Definition
| Areolar, adipose, and reticular |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Areolar tissue? |
|
Definition
| Surrounds and supports, provides nutrients, present in mucous membranes |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of adipose tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of adipose tissue? |
|
Definition
| Energy storehouse, thermal insulator, mechanical shock absorber |
|
|
Term
| Where is reticular tissue found? |
|
Definition
| Spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| Where is dense regular tissue found? |
|
Definition
| Tendons, ligaments, and sheets of fascia |
|
|
Term
| Where is dense irregular tissue found? |
|
Definition
| Dermis of skin and fibrous coverings of organs (kidney, spleen, testes, liver) |
|
|
Term
| Where is elastic tissue found? |
|
Definition
| Spaces between vertebrae, body regions that require stretching, ligaments, wall of arteries, stomach, bronchi, bladder, heart. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is innervated, avascular and more flexible than bone an dis based off the fibers in the matrix. |
|
|
Term
| What cells make up cartilage? Chondrocytes (found in lacunae) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of cartilage? |
|
Definition
| Hyaline (most common), elastic, and fibrocartilage |
|
|
Term
| Where is hyaline cartilage located? |
|
Definition
| Most of embryonic skeleton, tracheal rings, auricular cartilage, growth plates of long bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flexible and is found in the epiglottis of larynx, and external ears of animals |
|
|
Term
| Location of Fibrocartilage |
|
Definition
| between vertebrae of spine, between bones in pelvis, knee joint |
|
|
Term
| Osseous connective tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes (platelets) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thin, protective layers of tissue linked together |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 types of membranes? |
|
Definition
| Mucous membranes, serous membranes, cutaneous, synovial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lines organs with connections to outside environment. Mucus contains water, electrolytes, and protein mucin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces thin, watery serosal fluid (transudate) found in the pleural fluid in thorax, peritoneal fluid in abdomen, and pericardial fluid around heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fibrous cells designed for contraction |
|
|
Term
| Fiber composition consists of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of muscles? |
|
Definition
| Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac |
|
|
Term
| Which type of muscle is voluntary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of is involuntary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does nervous tissue do? |
|
Definition
| Receive and transmit electrical signals throughout the body |
|
|
Term
| Where is nervous tissue found? |
|
Definition
| Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves |
|
|
Term
| What types of cells are found in the nervous tissue? |
|
Definition
| Neurons and neuroglial cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| longest cells in the body and consist of perikaryons, dendrites, and axon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| function is to support neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| initial response to injury, releases histamine and heparin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| limit further damage and eliminate harmful agents |
|
|
Term
| Organization of healing and tissue repair |
|
Definition
| granulation tissue, wound repair, phagocytosis, granulation tissue formed, collagen fibers, newly branched capillaries, proud flesh |
|
|
Term
| Regeneration of healing and tissue repair |
|
Definition
| epithelialization, epithelialization covers granulation tissue, scab is pushed off, granulation tissue becomes fibrous scar |
|
|
Term
| Wound healing classification |
|
Definition
| first intention and second intention |
|
|
Term
| First intention of wound healing |
|
Definition
| wound edges close, no granulation tissue and no scar |
|
|
Term
| Second intention of wound healing |
|
Definition
| wound edges separated from the other, scarring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| new epithelial tissue covers granulation tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the edges of the wound will shrink toward the center (hallmark of animal skin healing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| covers and protects, prevents desiccation, reduces threat of injury, assists in maintenance of normal body temperature, excretes water, salt and organic wastes, receives and conveys sensory information, synthesizes vitamin D, and stores nutrients |
|
|
Term
| 3 layers of the integument |
|
Definition
| epidermis, haired skin, non-haired skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cell, Merkel cell |
|
|
Term
| Components to haired skin |
|
Definition
| stratum corneum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| epidermal papillae, tylotrich hair, aid in perception of touch, very sensitive in some individuals |
|
|
Term
| 5 layers of non-haired skin |
|
Definition
| same as haired skin but stratum granulosum, and stratum lucidum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| largest layer also called the corium |
|
|
Term
| What is the composition of the dermis? |
|
Definition
| Fibrous and contains dense irregular connective tissue (collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers) |
|
|
Term
| Other components of the dermis |
|
Definition
| hair follicles, nerve endings (meissner |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Papillary layer and Reticular layer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outermost layer, contains dermal papillae, looping blood vessels, nerve endings, Meissner |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| makes up 80% of the dermis, contains parallel bundles of collagen fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| think layer, below dermis, and allows skin to move freely over underlying structures, also known as the hypoderm is. |
|
|
Term
| Composition of subcutaneous layer |
|
Definition
| loose layer of areolar tissue, fibers continuous with dermis, adipose tissue, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| result of the presence or absence of melanin granules in extensions of melanocytes. Controlled by pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tough, thick layers of fat and connective tissue, contain exocrine sweat glands, and all 5 epidermal layers are present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carpal pads, metacarpal and metatarsal, digital pads |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| top of nose (cats, pigs, sheep, dogs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muzzle in cows and horses, the upper lip |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| horny structures on the legs of equine, vestigial digits, found on plantar/palmar aspect of fetlock joints |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dark horny structures o equines, thought to be digit 1, and found on the medial surfaces of the legs at the level of carpus and tarsus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in sheep, interdigital, infraorbital, inguinal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| survival, regulate body temp, camouflage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| internal epithelial root sheath, outer epithelial root sheath, dermal or connective tissue root sheath |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shaft, root, hair follicle, papilla, matric, root hair plexus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (poodles) have single hair per follicle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has 3 compound follicles from the same epidermal fold in dogs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hair is falling out of follicle, bulb is resting, hair fall out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| just after pregnancy when coat is blown |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| period of transition between anagen and telogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pigment in cortex and medulla (color is based on amount and type of melanin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primary, secondary, tactile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| guard hairs, straight or arched, thicker and longer than secondary hairs, dominant hair in follicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wool-type, softer and shorter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| whiskers, sinus hairs, probes and feelers, throughout hair coat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small, smooth muscle, attached to each hair follicle, and is activated by fight or flight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces sebum and lanolin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oily, lipid substance that traps moisture, keeps skin and soft, pliant, waterproof, and antimicrobial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces watery, transparent liquid, helps cool body (eccrine and apocrine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| assists animals in identification of one another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located at 4 and 6, expressed during defecation and when animal is frightened |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hard outer coverings of distal digits and are non-retractable except in cats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| traction, defense, catching prey |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first digit in dogs and second and fifth (cows, pigs, sheep) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| horny outer covering of digits of some animals (ungulates), hooves rest on tissue called corium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mass of horny keratin that grow continuously and are structurally like hair |
|
|
Term
| What is important to know when dehorning? |
|
Definition
| Horns communicate directly with the frontal sinus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shed annually and dermal in origin, also lacks core and internal blood supply |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| second hardest substance in body and it is a connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mature bone cells found in lacunae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells destroy old bone to help in the process of remodeling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hardening of the matrix through calcium and other minerals being imbedded |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the bone begins to mineralize some cells become trapped in the mineralized matrix and become osteocytes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small canals that the cell extends through to receive oxygen, nutrients and relieve them of waste |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of bone? |
|
Definition
| Support, protection, leverage, storage, and blood cell formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formation of blood cells and its components |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of bone? |
|
Definition
| Cancellous bone and compact bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| light and spongy and are the tiny |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heavy and dense found in the outermost layer of long bones to give strength |
|
|
Term
| What does compact bones contain? |
|
Definition
| Blood vessels, lymph, nerves, canaliculi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membrane that covers the outer surfaces of the bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membrane that lines hollow interior surfaces of the bone, is the layer in contact with bone marrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| channels through the bone matric that contain blood vessels and interconnect with Haversian system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large channels in large in long bones that carry blood in and out of bone marrow (resembles a fracture on X-ray) |
|
|
Term
| Intramembranous bone formation |
|
Definition
| bone develops from fibrous tissue membranes and only occurs in certain skull bones |
|
|
Term
| Endochondral bone formation |
|
Definition
| cartilage is replaced by bone starts in the primary growth center and moves into secondary growth center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fills in spaces within bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hematopoietic tissue and is the most common type in younger animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primarily adipose connective tissue that is most common type in adult animals, can be reverted to red bone marrow if needed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located along the axis of the body and include the bone of the head and trunk (skull and vertebrae) |
|
|
Term
| What is included in the axial skeleton? |
|
Definition
| Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Located dorsal to the thorax and number can vary within species, number is the same as the pair of ribs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located in the dorsal abdominal region and is large and bulky to support weight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forms sacroiliac joint and fuse to form single solid structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs at the bottom of the sternum near the diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| The pelvic limb consists of |
|
Definition
| ilium, ischium, and pubis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bones formed in soft organs, includes os cordis, os penis, and os rostri |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smooth areas of compact bone where bones come in contact with each other (joints) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smooth thin layer od hyaline cartilage that covers articular surfaces of bones |
|
|
Term
| What are the three surfaces of bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 classification of joints |
|
Definition
| fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immovable joints found in the sutures of the skull and equine splint bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slightly movable joints that make slight rocking movement found in intervertebral joints, pubic symphysis, mandibular symphysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| freely movable, have ligaments for stabilization (cranial cruciate) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nourishes the articular cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation, circumduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hinge (nodding the head), gliding (carpus an tarsus), pivot (C1-C2 joint shaking head |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| skeletal, cardiac, smooth |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of muscle tissue |
|
Definition
| excitability, contractibility, extensibility, and elasticity |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 primary functions of muscle tissue? |
|
Definition
| Provide motion, maintain posture, and generate heat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| moves bones of the skeleton is made of striated muscle and is controlled by the conscious mind |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| well-defined group of cells surrounded by fibrous connective sheath |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more stable site and does not move much when muscle contracts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| site that undergoes the most movement when a muscle contract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primary mover that directly produces desired movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| directly opposes action of agonist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| assists in the action as it contacts at the same time as the agonist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stabilizes joints to allow other movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| by action, by shape, by location, by direction of fibers, by number of head or divisions, by attachment sites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin, broad superficial muscles that are found in connective tissue just beneath the skin with little to no attachment to bones |
|
|
Term
| Skeleton muscles of respiration |
|
Definition
| function to increase and decrease size of thoracic cavity includes the inspiratory muscles diaphragm and external intercostal muscles and expiratory muscles are internal intercostal muscle and abdominal muscles |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of skeletal muscle cells |
|
Definition
| very large and thin, multinucleated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| series of filaments that make up contractile units of muscle cells, many sarcomeres may up one myofibril |
|
|
Term
| The 2 proteins responsible for contraction |
|
Definition
| thick dark myosin and thin light actin |
|
|
Term
| Visible bands of filaments |
|
Definition
| A band (dark), H band, I band (light), and Z line |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| site where ends of motor nerve fibers connect to muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synaptic vesicles at the end of nerve fiber that contain neurotransmitter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers it innervates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hold components of muscle together (endomysium, fascicle, epimysium) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains blood vessels and nerves and is continuous with tendons and aponeuroses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when stimulated, individual muscle fibers contact completely or none at all |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 phases of muscle contraction |
|
Definition
| latent phase, contracting phase, relaxation phase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adequate oxygen supply for energy needs of muscle fiber (max energy extracted from each glucose molecule) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| need for oxygen exceeds available supply, lactic acid is formed in incomplete glucose breakdown |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is only found in the heart is striated and involuntary |
|
|
Term
| How do cardiac muscle contract |
|
Definition
| contractions are rapid and wavelike |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| SA node, impulse follows controlled path through the heart, structures in the heart transmit, delay, ad redirect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located in wall to the right of atrium |
|
|
Term
| Innervation of cardiac muscles |
|
Definition
| not needed to initiate contraction and are innervated from the sympathetic and parasympathetic system |
|
|
