Term
| Why are male dogs predisposed to stones as opposed to female dogs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three divisions of the male urethra? |
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Definition
-pre-prostatic: pelvic caval
-prostatic: pelvic canal
-membranous |
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Term
| What are the two most common locations for stones getting lodged? |
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Definition
-distal urethra
-proximal to os penis |
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Term
| What is the ideal solution for urethral stones? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do we use urohydropulsion on urethral stones? |
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Definition
| -avoid urethrotomy if possible |
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Term
| Why would we perform a urohydropulsion before a cystotomy? |
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Definition
| -b/c if not an intact bladder, when we fill it w/ fluid it has a high chance of leaking through sx site |
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Term
| What do you do before a urohydropulsion? |
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Definition
| -rads to visualize stones |
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Term
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Definition
| -incision made into urethra |
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Term
| What are the indications for urethrotomy? |
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Definition
-stone retrieval
-FB retrieval
-biopsy a lesion |
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Term
| How do we close a urethrotomy incision? |
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Definition
| -precise apposition of incisional margins |
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Term
| Why do we close urethrotomy incision? |
|
Definition
-prevent granulation tissue formation
-reduce risk of stricture formation |
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Term
| Why would we not allow a urethrotomy incision to heal by second intention? |
|
Definition
-huge risk of hemorrhage
-urine leakage
-inc risk for stricture |
|
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Term
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Definition
| -creating a permanent opening for urination |
|
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Term
| What are some indications for urethrostomy? |
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Definition
-any urethral obstruction
-FLUTD/FIC
-urethral/penile trauma
-neoplasia
-calculi that cannot be removed |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common signalment of a urethrostomy? |
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Definition
| -repeat offenders, esp cats |
|
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Term
| Where is the best spot to perform a urethrostomy in a dog? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the best spot to perform a urethrostomy in a cat? |
|
Definition
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Term
| Describe the surgical technique of urethrostomy. |
|
Definition
-castration may need to be performed
-presurgical catheter placement to ID urethra
-create a stoma: perfect mucocutaneous apposition |
|
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Term
| Why is scrotal urethrostomy preferred in dogs? |
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Definition
-urethra is widest = less risk of stricture
-urethra is most superficial = dissecting less tissue to get to it
-less hemorrhage due to lack of cavernous tissue |
|
|
Term
| Why is a perineal urethrostomy preferred in cats? |
|
Definition
-easiest access
-maintains normal anatomic position |
|
|
Term
| What must you remember about perineal urethrostomies in cats? |
|
Definition
-penis must be dissected to the bulbourethral glands
-new urethral opening should fit hemostat box loc
-drain board is necessary to prevent urine scald |
|
|
Term
| What are some complications of a urethrostomy? |
|
Definition
-urethral stricture: inadequate apposition, dissection, self-trauma
-urine leakage: inadequate apposition
-UTI |
|
|
Term
| What are some postop considerations of a urethrostomy? |
|
Definition
-fluids
-monitor urination
-E-collar is absolute msut
-don't palce u-cath |
|
|
Term
| How do we usually fix a urethral laceration? |
|
Definition
| -rarely require sx apposition |
|
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Term
| If the urethra is completely transected, what do we do? |
|
Definition
-primary anastomosis
-urethrostomy |
|
|
Term
| What is a urethral prolapse? |
|
Definition
| -prolapse of urethral mucosa beyond tip of penis |
|
|
Term
| What are some causes of urethral prolapse? |
|
Definition
-excitement
-chronic irritation
-infection |
|
|
Term
| Describe the clinical presentation of urethral prolapse. |
|
Definition
-often bulldogs
-urethral bleeding
-visualized on exam |
|
|
Term
| What are some treatment options for a urethral prolapse? |
|
Definition
-urethral resection
-urehtropexy |
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