Term
| What are the clinical signs of HW dz? |
|
Definition
-cough
-exercise intolerance
-abnormal lung sounds
-hepatomegaly
-syncope
-ascites
-murmur
-pigmenturia |
|
|
Term
| When would we use heat activation w/ HW testing? |
|
Definition
| -false negative seen w/ Ag Ab complexes, sample may need to be heat activated and retested |
|
|
Term
| When do we Ag test for HW? |
|
Definition
-prior to starting preventative
-before switching to a different product
-monitor |
|
|
Term
| Describe microfilaria testing? |
|
Definition
-Concentration: MOdified Knotts, Filter
-blood smear or capillary tube |
|
|
Term
| What rad changes do we see w/ HW dz? |
|
Definition
-pulmonary artery enlargement
-right heart enlargement
-interstitial to alveolar pulmonary infiltrates |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat eosinophilic pneumonitis? |
|
Definition
| -anti-inflamm dose of pred w/ rad recheck 1-2w later |
|
|
Term
| What do we see on CBC, Chem, UA w/ HW dz? |
|
Definition
-esoniphilia
-anemia
-inc ALT, BUN, Creatinine
-proteinuria
-hemoglobinuria (caval syndrome) |
|
|
Term
| What is echo advised for HW dz? |
|
Definition
-suspected caval syndrome
-CHF
-unexplained or unexpected test results or clinical signs |
|
|
Term
| Describe our concerns w/ HW resistance? |
|
Definition
-lack of efficacy
-some LOE can be explained by compliance
-P-glycoprotein gene polymorphism |
|
|
Term
| WHy did they add Doxy to Heartguard? |
|
Definition
| -doxy eliminates Wolbachia sp (endosymbiotic bacteria in HW) |
|
|
Term
| What are our concerns about long term heartgaurd? |
|
Definition
-can take up to 2 y to kill adults (exercise restriction)
-ongoing pulmonary a damage
-concern that this may be contributing to R
-flase negative: after heat fix may be positive |
|
|
Term
| What tx do we give prior to imiticide? |
|
Definition
-tx for 3m w/ preventative
-doxy for 4w |
|
|
Term
| Describe immiticide injection protocol. |
|
Definition
-give anti-inflamm or Dex or pred
-give opioid for pain
-Lidocaine patchy maybe
-strict cage rest for 4-6w& retest Ag in 6m |
|
|
Term
| How long does it take for worms to die w/ immiticide injection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of pulmonary thromboembolism? |
|
Definition
-depression
-fever
-cough
-hemoptysis
-collapse
-death |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat caval syndrome? Major concerns? |
|
Definition
-HW extraction
-don't grab the valve |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Indoor cats don't get HW because there are no mosquitoes inside. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the feline HW response to larvae? |
|
Definition
| -acute vascular and parenchymal inflammation: HARD |
|
|
Term
| What is the feline HW response to adults? |
|
Definition
-pulmonary inflmmation
-thromboembolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-HW Assoc Resp Dz: feline response
-3m post infeciton |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of HARD? |
|
Definition
-dyspnea, coughing, wheezing
-vomiting
-often misdiagnose w/ feline asthma |
|
|
Term
| Do HARD cats test positive to HW Ag? Ab? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the onset of feline chronic FW? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of chronic HW in cats? |
|
Definition
-dyspnea, coughing, hemoptysis
-vomiting
-neuro signs: blindness, vestibular signs
-collapse, HF
-sudden death |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose HW in cats? |
|
Definition
-echo
-microfilaria often negatve
-clin path: eosinophilia inc globulin
-airway cytology |
|
|
Term
| Do we test cat for HW with Ag or Ab test first? What does it mean? |
|
Definition
-Ag first but negative doesn't rule it out
-if negative then do Ab test |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat feline HW? |
|
Definition
-DON'T GIVE IMMIDICIDE
-corticosteroids
-treat CHF when present
-sx removal controversial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -attachment/invasion of cardiac endothelium by infectious agent |
|
|
Term
| How common is endocarditis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which valves are mostly affected by endocarditis in SA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the major predisposing factors of bacterial endocarditis? |
|
Definition
-pre-existing valve damage
-bacteremia
-adherence
-immunosuppression |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Endocardiosis predisposes animals to endocarditis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathophysiology of endocarditis. |
|
Definition
-disruption of valve: leads to V overload and CHF
-embolization of thrombi: distant infection & ischemic damage
-deposition of immune complexes
-aortic and mitral valve most common in SA |
|
|
Term
| Which valve is most commonly affected in dogs w/ bacterial endocarditis? WHich breeds? |
|
Definition
-mitral
-large, older, male |
|
|
Term
| What is a common predisposing factor to endocarditis in dogs? |
|
Definition
-subaortic stenosis
-bacteremia of any cause
-immunosuppression
-maybe periodontal dz |
|
|
Term
| What do we see on hx w/ bacterialendocarditis? |
|
Definition
-fever
-chronic infections
-recent corticosteroid admin
-seizures
-lameness
-overall sick dogs
-aortic murmur (diastole)
-CHF
-hyperdynamic pulses
-polyarthritis, vasculitis, and seizures |
|
|
Term
| What do we see on clinpath & ECG w/ bacterial endocarditis? |
|
Definition
-CBC: anemia, leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia
-UA: pyuria, proteinuria
-Biochem: inc globulin, azotemia, dec albumin
-ECG: A/VPCs, complete AV block, lect ventricular hypertrophy |
|
|
Term
| What do we see on echo w/ endocarditis? |
|
Definition
-vegetative growth
-regurgitation
-LA or LV dilation |
|
|
Term
| What do we see on chest rads w/ bacterial endocarditis? |
|
Definition
-CHF
-chamber enlargement
-source of infection |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose bacterial endocarditis? |
|
Definition
-based on clinical features
-positive blood culture
-ideally 3 cultures 1-2h apart
-PCR and/or titier to BArtonella sp
-COMMON TO GE TNEGATIVE BLOOD CULTURES |
|
|
Term
| What are the most common bugs that grow w/ endocardits? |
|
Definition
| -Strep > gram neg rods > staph |
|
|
Term
| What is the major drawback of PCR and/or titers w/ endocarditis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we treat bacterial endocarditis? |
|
Definition
-resolve bacteremia and source of infection
-treat cardiac complications
-treat embolization/immune complications |
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