Term
| What is Lissencephaly? In which species is it normal? |
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Definition
-smooth brain w/out sulci and gyri
-rodents, reptiles, bird |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -dilation of ventricles w/ secondary atrophy fo brain |
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Term
| What are the three types of hydrocephalus? What causes each |
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Definition
-congenital: in fetus due to malformation of ventricular system
-acquired: lue to later life brain lesion that blocks CSF flow
-compensatory: secondary to loss of brain tissue |
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Term
| What is the most common site for congenital obstruction and hydrocephalus? |
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Definition
| -aqueduct of sylvius (mesencephalic duct) |
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Term
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Definition
| -obstruction in spinal cord = dilation of central canal and surrounding spinal cord atrophy |
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Term
| What are the three types of hydromyelia? |
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Definition
-congenital obstruction
-acquired obstruction: tumor, inflamamtion, post trauma
-secondary to atrophy: compensaotry |
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Term
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Definition
-in utero loss of brian tissue w/ replacement by fluid
-can be nearly complete loss of cerebral hemispheres or congital cystic cavities |
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Term
| What are some common causes of hydrancephaly? |
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Definition
-Bluetongue virus
-akabane virus
-idiopathic |
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Term
| What lesions do we see w/ hydranencephaly? |
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Definition
| -brain has cystic cavities separated from dilated lateral ventricles |
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Term
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Definition
| -congenital malformation of midline of head: fused cerebral hemispheres, mid brain anomalies, single eye |
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Term
| What causes cyclops in sheep? |
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Definition
-ingestion of Veratrum californicum during 14th day of gestation
-cyclopamine is toxic alkaloid |
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Term
| What is cerebellar hypoplasia? |
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Definition
-necrosis of external granule cell layer in utero or early neonatal period
-cerebellum smaller than normal due to little to no granule cell layer |
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Term
| What are the two msot common causes of cerebellar hypoplasia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is lost in the brain on a microscopic level w/ cerebelalr hypoplasia? Clinical results? |
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Definition
-loose the granular of the brain thus granular layer cannot fine-tune movements caused by PUrkinje cells
-hypermetria |
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Term
| True or FAlse: Kittens & calves are susceptible to PLV/BVDV in utero and for the first 10 days of life, resulting in cerebellar hypoplasia. |
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Definition
| -FALSE, true for cats, but calves have to be infected in utero |
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Term
| How do we definitively diagnose cerebellar hypoplasia if no visible lesions are present? |
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Definition
| -send in for histopath, will still lack granular layer |
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Term
| What is cerebellar abiotrphy? |
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Definition
| -spontaneous degen of Purkinje cells due to genetic defect in metabolic or structural protein |
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Term
| Which animals are most commonly affected by cerebellar abiotrophy? |
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Definition
-Arabian foals
-cattle & dogs |
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Term
| When does cerebellar abiotrophy present clinically? |
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Definition
| -w/in first year of life BUT NORMAL AT BIRTH |
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Term
| What lesions do we see w/ cerebellar abiotrophy? |
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Definition
-grossly normal
-lack of Purkinje cells on histopath |
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Term
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Definition
| -ANY developmental anomaly of the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| -cystic cavities in the spinal cord |
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Term
| What is spinal dysraphism? |
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Definition
| -a form of myelodysplasia in which there is failure of neural folds to appose and close resulting in failed neural tubule closer |
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Term
| What lesions do we see w/ spinal dysraphism? |
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Definition
| -openings/malformatons along midline of spinal cord, usually dorsally, involing the central canal |
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Term
| Which animals are most commonly affected by spinal dysraphism? |
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Definition
| -Manx cats, English Bulldogs, Weimaraner dogs |
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Term
| What clinical signs do we see w/ spinal dysraphism? |
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Definition
| -hopping gait, ataxia, unable to stand, fecal or urinary incontinence, and/or spina bifida |
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Term
| What causes myelodysplasia? |
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Definition
| -spontaneously due ot unknown causes |
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Term
| What is spina bifida/cranium bifidum? |
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Definition
-failure of dorsum of vertebrae or skull to develop
-can be covered by skin or open to outside |
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Term
| What are spina bifida & cranium bifidum commonly associated w/? |
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Definition
| -myelodysplasia, anencephaly, or meningoceles |
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Term
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Definition
| -outpouching of fluid filled meninges through spina bifida or cranium bifidum |
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Term
| Are meningoceles more commonly assoc w/ spina bifida or cranium bifidum? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are meningoencephaloceles? |
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Definition
-meningoceles that contain CNS tissue
-aka meningomyeloceles |
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Term
| What are lysosomal storage diseases? |
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Definition
| -autosomal recessive-inherited enzyme defect in neuronal or oligodendroglial neuro lipid or oligosaccharide metabolism |
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Term
| When do lysosomal storage diseases become clinical? |
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Definition
| -progressive neuro deficits during first 6m of life BUT NORMAL AT BIRTH |
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Term
| What lesions do we see w/ lysosomal storage diseases? |
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Definition
-NO GROSS LESIONS
-histo: marked vacuolation and swelling of affected cells w/ cutoplasm expanded and foamy |
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Term
| What is alpha mannosidosis? Which spp are affected? |
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Definition
-lysosomal storage dz in which there is an absence of alpha-mannosidase => accumulation of mannose-rich oligosaccharides in neurons
-angus & Galloway cattle and cats
-can see induced form w/ Locoweed |
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Term
| What is Ganlgiosidoses? Which animals are affected? |
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Definition
-lysosomal storage dz in which GM1 & GM3 gangliosides are neurolipids accumalting in high concentrations in neurons
-occurs in cattle, cats, dogs, pigs, and sheep
-induced form w/ choleratoxin |
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Term
| What is the most common Lysosomal Storage Dz? |
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Definition
-Globoid cell keukodystrophy (Krabbe's dz)
- A NON-NEURONAL STORAGE DZ |
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Term
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Definition
| -non-neuronal lysosomal storage dz in which atypical glycolipids accumulate and are toxic to oligos & Schwann cells causing spontaneous demylination |
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Term
| Which animals are most commonly affected by Krabbe's dz? |
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Definition
| -dogs, domestic cats, Dorsetsheep (both CNS and PNS) |
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Term
| When does Krabbe's dz become clinical? Presentation? |
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Definition
| -start at 6m of life: ataxia => paralysis |
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Term
| What lesions do we see on histo w/ Krabbe's dz? |
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Definition
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