Term
| What are the three major methods of swine retraint? |
|
Definition
-hog board
-sling: requires training
-snout snare: can only be for a few mins |
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Term
| What are the methods of drug administration used in pigs? |
|
Definition
-Venipuncture
-IM: dep on meat or not
-SQ not common
-intranasal if small
-not IP b/c can hit organs |
|
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Term
| What are the different routes for swine venipuncture? |
|
Definition
| -marginal ear vv, cephalic v (blind stick) jugular, cranial vena cava |
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Term
| Why do we fast pigs? How long should we food-fast them? What about water-fast? |
|
Definition
-can vomit and regurgitate
-adult to juveniles for food = 12h & neonates = 3h or less
-give water until premed unless GI sx then fast 4 h & food-fasted for 24-48h |
|
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Term
| What types of parasympatholytic drugs do we use for pre-medication in swine? |
|
Definition
-Atropine IV or IM
-Glycopyrrolate IV or Im |
|
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Term
| Which drug works the best for sedation in pigs? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
How well do the following agents work for swine sedation?
a) Ketamine
b) Benzodiazapam
c) Xylazine
d) Butorphanol
e) Azaparone
f) Acepromazine |
|
Definition
a) incomplete analgesia and escessive salivation and hyperreflexia during recovery
b) best
c) does not wokr well unless used in combo (will dec CO and arterial partial P)
d) not a good primary agent
e) calming agent
f) doesn't do anything at all |
|
|
Term
| What are the two methods of swine idnuction? |
|
Definition
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Term
| How do we administer ketamine, thiopental, and propofol for swine induction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of drug are Thipental and Thiamyal? What potential side effects do they have and how does this change our prepatation? |
|
Definition
-barbiturates
-cause apnea
-must intubate and give IV |
|
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Term
| What potential side effects can result from the use of Etomidate being used for swine induction? |
|
Definition
| -hemolysis, suppression of adrenortical activity for up to 24 h spontaneus involuntary m movements, tremors, and hypertonus |
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Term
| What are the major concerns with swine intubation? |
|
Definition
-prone to laryngospasm
-difficult to intubate
-pharyngela diverticulum
-can be intubated dorsal or ventral but ventral is easier |
|
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Term
| What are the advantages for inhalation maintenence of anesthesia in swine? |
|
Definition
-more controlled plane of anesthesia so should be used for prolonged procedures
-more rapid recovery |
|
|
Term
| When would we use injectable anesthesia maintenance in swine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are our goals for anesthesia maintenance in swine? |
|
Definition
| -amnesia, unconsciousness, analgesia, muscle relaxation |
|
|
Term
| What are the negative to using injectable anesthesia maintenance in swine? |
|
Definition
| -slower recovery, hypoventilation, hypoxemia |
|
|
Term
| What agent(s) do we use for injectable anesthesia maintenance in swine? |
|
Definition
| -Ketamine, Xylazine, Guaifenesin |
|
|
Term
| What four things do we monitor during swine anesthesia and how do we monitor them? |
|
Definition
-CV system: ECG, esphageal stethoscope
-Resp system: end-tidal CO2 and pulse oximetry
-body temp: duh
-BP: invasive or non-invasive |
|
|
Term
| When do we administer intravenous fluids during swine anesthesia and what do we give? |
|
Definition
-sugery that is >1h
-crystalloids and colloids |
|
|
Term
| In addition to intravenous fluids, what are the other supportive therapies of swine anesthesia? |
|
Definition
-BP support
-mechanical ventilation |
|
|
Term
| What is the major concern unique to swine anesthetic recovery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is extubation done on a pig? Explain |
|
Definition
-when the pig is moving
-can give steroids if intubation was difficult
-Spray phenylephrine: decrease vascular congestion/ laryngeal edema |
|
|
Term
| What is malignant hyperthermia? What causes it? |
|
Definition
-genetic hypermetabolic syndrome
-AA mutation: RYR-1 Rc in skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
| In what animals is malignant hyperthermia most common? |
|
Definition
-human and pigs
-Pietran, Landrace, Sptted, Large White, Hampshire, and Poland Chima
-less common in Duroc and pot-bellied pigs
-less commonly reported in dogs, horses, cats, etc |
|
|
Term
| What happens clinically happens during malignant hyperthermia? |
|
Definition
| -hypermetabolic state: inc in body temp followed by muscle rigidity, tachycardia, tachypnea, extreme hypercapnea, hypoxemia, metabolic acidosis, and sympathetic activation |
|
|
Term
| What triggers malignant hyperthermia? |
|
Definition
| -any type of stress, all volatile inhalants and depolarizing NMBA |
|
|
Term
| How should you respond if Malignant Hyperthermia is diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| -turn off inhalant and treat all other symptoms supportively |
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|
Term
| Which two types of drugs do we use for swine analgesia? |
|
Definition
-opioids
-NSAIDs
-also use epidural and testicular blocks |
|
|
Term
| What opioids do we use for swine analgesia? |
|
Definition
-Butorphanol: IM or IV
-Buprenorphine: IM or IV
-Morphne: IV, IM or Epidural: can cause excitement cna also cause resp depression, dec GI motility, nausea/vomiting, pupillary constriction, bradycardia, euphoria, histamine
-Fentanyl: CRI |
|
|
Term
| Which NSAIDs do we use in swine? |
|
Definition
-Aspirin: PO
-Flunixin: IV, SC, IM
-Carprofen: SQ, IM
-Meloxicam: SQ or IM |
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