Term
| Describe the GI tract of a domestic ruminant as opposed to a South American Camel/alpaca/llama. |
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Definition
-Domestic ruminant: omasum + abomasum + rumen + reticulum
-Other: abomasum + reticulum + rumen |
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Term
| How can recumbency and anesthesia affect a ruminant's GI tract? |
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Definition
| -tympany, regurgitation, aspiration pneumonia |
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Term
| How much gas does a cow produce per hour? What about a small ruminant? |
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Definition
-cow: 30-35L/hr
-Small rum: 5L/hr |
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Term
| How much saliva does a cow produce a day? How about a small ruminant? |
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Definition
-Cow: 100-150L/day
-small rum: 5-15L/day |
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Term
| Do we frequently use anticholinergics in ruminants? Why or why not? |
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Definition
-No
-don't consistently decrease secretions unless used in high doses and frequently depleted, and salivary glands are not all under PNS or SNS control |
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Term
| Why do we never fast a neonate? |
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Definition
| -b/c they will become severely hypoglycemic |
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Term
| How long should calves, sheep, goats, and camelids be food-fasted? What about water-fasted? |
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Definition
-Food 12-18 h
-Water 8-12 hr |
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Term
| HOw long should adult cattle be food-fasted? What about water-fasted? |
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Definition
-Food 12-24 h
-Water 12-18 h |
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Term
| Why do we water-fast a ruminant as part of our pre-anesthetic prep? |
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Definition
| -decreases the likelihood of tympany and regurgitation |
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Term
| In addition to fasting, what is the other major component of our pre-anesthetic prep for rums? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do we draw blood on a camelid? Why is it different? |
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Definition
--ventral aspect of the mandible in line with the base of the ear on the lateral aspect of cervical transverse process
-they do not have a jugular groove |
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Term
| Where do we draw blood on cattle? |
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Definition
| -jugular v, ear v, milk v, coccygeal v, etc |
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Term
| Is Acepromazine commonly used in ruminants? Why or why not? If we do use it, what is the general dose? |
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Definition
-no
-can increase risk of regurgitation
-lower dose than horses |
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Term
| What are the precautions of Acepromazine use in ruminants? Contraindications? |
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Definition
-do not give in coccegeal v
-can cause penile prolapse
-Contraindication: cachexic or hypovolemic patients |
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Term
| How do Alpha-2 agonists compare performance-wise in a ruminant compared to a horse? |
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Definition
| -more potent in ruminants so they only require 1/10 the dose |
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Term
| Which ruminants are especially sensitive to alpha-2 agonsists? Give an example of an Alpha-2 agonsit. |
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Definition
-cattle, with Brahman being the worst
-Xylazine |
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Term
| What are the concerns/potential side effects of Xylazine in ruminants? |
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Definition
-pronounced or prolonged response
-hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, hypoxia, hypercapnea
-seep inc risk of pulmonary edema
-oxytocin effect in pregnant uterus |
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Term
| Other than Xylazine, give two other examples of Alpha-2 agonists and compare them to Xylazine for use in rums. |
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Definition
-Detomidine: more potent and used less
-Romifidine: used in South American camels |
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Term
| How do we reverse an alpha-2 agonist in a ruminant? |
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Definition
| -Atipamazole, Yohimbine, Tolazoline |
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Term
| What are our major cautions for using Tolazoline for Alpha-2 reversals in ruminants? |
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Definition
-hyperesthesia in unsedated cattle
-DO NOT USE IN CAMELIDS
-unwanted CV effects |
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Term
| What is Butorphanol used for in ruminants? Any potential side effects? |
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Definition
-Sedation and analgesia
-ataxia and dysphoria possible in camelids |
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Term
| What are Benzodiazepams used for in ruminants? Examples? |
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Definition
-muscle relaxation and sedation, NO ANALGESIA
-ex: Midazolam, Diazepam |
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Term
| True or False: When used for sedation in ruminants, Benzodiazepams such as Midazolam and Diazepam also have analgesic effects. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the advantages to using combination sedatives in ruminants? |
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Definition
| -smoother sedation and recovery with less overall drug use |
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Term
| Can you give an example of a common combo sedation therapy for ruminants? |
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Definition
-Xylazine + butorphanol
-Benzo + butorphanol
-Butorphanol + ketamine + xylazine |
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Term
| What methods do we use for inducing a ruminant? |
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Definition
| -injectable or mask induction |
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Term
| IS emergence delirum common in ruminants? |
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Definition
| -No, very seldom in both sedation and recovery period |
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Term
| Do ruminants always require sedation prior to induction? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do we not commonly use Barbiturates/ thiobarbiturates in ruminant induction today? |
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Definition
| -were being used in human med to put people to sleep and now the UK will not sell it to us |
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Term
| What is an NMDA antagonist used for ruminant induction? Describe its effects in general. |
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Definition
-Ketamine
-does not eliminate the swallowing reflex |
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Term
| What three factors determine the depth of aneshtesia due to KEtamine in ruminant induction? |
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Definition
-temperment
-healt status
-types of pre-med and/or prior sedation |
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Term
| What are the potential side effects of Ketamine in ruminant induction? |
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Definition
| -excitement, dysphoria, clonic muscle activity, and hallucinations when used alone |
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Term
| Generally describe the effects of Guifenesin as an induction agent in ruminants. |
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Definition
| -central-acting muscle relaxant used alone or in combo |
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Term
| Does Gauifenesin have analgesic effects when used in ruminant induction? |
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Definition
| -NO, can produce recumbency with NO analgesia |
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Term
| How is Gauifenesin administered in ruminant induction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a "Triple Drip" in ruminant induction? |
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Definition
| -Gauifenesin + Ketamine + Xylazine |
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Term
| Describe the actions of Tiletamine- zolazepam as an iduction agent in ruminants. |
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Definition
| -swallowing is present, but obtunded |
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Term
| How is Propofol administered as an induction agent in ruminants? What does it do? |
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Definition
-CRI to maintain (IV SLOW)
-sedaiton only, NO analgesia
-use co-induction drugs to decrease amount |
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Term
| How long does Alfaxalone last in ruminant induction? Describe its effects and how it is used. |
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Definition
-duration is 10-15 mins
-can cause myoclonus and poor recoveries
-best to sedate or give with a co-induction |
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Term
| Is intubation commonly or rarely suggested in ruminants? Why? |
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Definition
-recommended for all anesthesia
-active regurge occurs during intubation in lightly anesthetized rums but passive regurge can occur at anytime |
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Term
| Describe the method behind hand intubation of a ruminant. Precautions? |
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Definition
-mouth speculum => palpation of the epiglottis => pass guide tube and tracheal tube over guide
-do not leave hand in > 1 min |
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Term
| Why ruminants require a laryngoscope? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can we also use nasotracheal intubation in a ruminant? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do we check to ET intubation in a ruminant? |
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Definition
-expiratory gas and condensation
-ET CO2
-suction bulb |
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Term
| How do we use a Triple drip to maintain anesthesia in a ruminant? |
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Definition
-no longer than 60 mins
-requires intubation |
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Term
| What agents do we use for inhalation maintanence in ruminants? |
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Definition
| -Isoflurane, Sevoflurane, Desflurane |
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Term
| What is special about ruminant inhalation maintenance? |
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Definition
| -rapid RR with smal TV: higher vaporizer settings or mechanical ventilation |
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Term
| Is post-anesthetic myopath common or uncommon in ruminants? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the major thing to remember in ruminant patient position? |
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Definition
| -SHOULD ALWAYS HAVE PADDING |
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Term
| Describe the method of patient positioning in ruminants. |
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Definition
-should always have padding
-if dorsal should be balanced squarely
-always pull the front down limb foreward: protects the radial nerve
-close the dependent eye and lubricate often |
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Term
| What two factors does ruminant fluid admnistration depend on? |
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Definition
-patient status
-anesthetic duration |
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Term
| What should we try to prevent with ruminant fluid administration? What should the HCT and TP be? |
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Definition
-prvent hemodilution
-HCT > 25% and TP > 4 mg/dl |
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Term
| What is the normal respiratory rate for a ruminant? What about camels specifically? |
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Definition
-20-40 b/min
-Camels: adult = 15-30 bpm, juvenile = 20-35 bpm |
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Term
| How does cattle TV compare to other species? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: Ruminants tend to hyperventilate under anesthesia. |
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Definition
| -FALSE, ruminants tend to hypoventilate under anesthesia |
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Term
| What is the inspiratory time necessary for ruminants? Tidal volume? Peak iinspiratory pressure? |
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Definition
-ins time = 2-3 sec
-TV 12-18 ml/kg
-peak insp P 20-25 cm H2O |
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Term
| What does hypocapnia cause in ruminants? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do we monitor the CV system in ruminants and correct any problems that arise? |
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Definition
-ECG
-monitor Ca+ & if needed: Calcium borogluconate
-Ephedrine IV: non-specific sympathomimetic
-Dobutamine >> dopamine: more effect with less inc in HR |
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Term
| What is the normal HR for adult cattle? For calves, sheep, and goats? For anesthetized camels? |
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Definition
-adult cattle: 60-90 bpm
-calves, sheep, goats: 90-130 bpm
-anesthetized camels: adults = 80-100 & juveniles = 100-125 |
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Term
| How do we monitor invasive BP in surimants during supportive therapy? |
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Definition
| -systolic/ diastolic (mean arterial pressure), caudal auricular, facial artery in young and small rums |
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Term
| How do we monitor non-invasive BP in a ruminant? |
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Definition
| -around the base of the tail |
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Term
| What is the normal systolic/ diastolic BP in anesthetized cattle? What about in sheep, goats, and camelids? |
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Definition
-120-15- / 80-110 mmHg
-90-120 / 60-80 |
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Term
| Does the palpabral reflex disappear or remain during ruminant anesthesia? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does globe rotation occur during ruminant anesthesia? |
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Definition
-occurs with CATTLE
-does NOT occur with goats, sheep, or South American camels |
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Term
| In which ruminant species does nystagmus not usually occur during anesthesia? |
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Definition
| -cattle, sheep, goats, ruminants, camelids |
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Term
| Does the corneal reflex disappear or remain during ruminant anesthesia? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: If a ruminant swallows while under anesthesia it is getting light. |
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Definition
| -FALSE, some ruminants will involuntarily swallow under sufficient depth of anesthesia |
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Term
| For ruminants, we should not extubate until....? |
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Definition
-laryngeal reflex is returnes
-coughing, gagging, active expulsion
-with partial cuff inflation |
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Term
| How do we check the respiratory system in a newly extubated camelid? Why is this step important? |
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Definition
-check both nostrils for air
-camelids are obligate nasal breathers |
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Term
| What are some possible intraoperative complications for ruminants? Why are they a problem and how do we address them? |
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Definition
-Tympany: dec FRC and inc risk for regurg/aspiration & pass a stomach tube to decopress (may also need external compression)
-Lung CT not as fibrous: high airway pressure can cause pneumothorax |
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Term
| What are some post-operative complications possible in ruminants? |
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Definition
-recovery can be delayed due to hypothermia
-low levels of psudocholinesterase: drugs metabolized this route will have prolonged effects
-perivascular injection
-corneal ulcers
-aspiration pneumonia
-myoapthy and neuropathy less common |
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Term
| How frequent are FDA approved drugs for analgesia in ruminants? |
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Definition
| -few and non in South American camels |
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Term
| What methods do we usually use for ruminant analgesia? |
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Definition
| -epidurals and local blocks |
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Term
| What are some drugs that have been used for ruminant analgesia? |
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Definition
| -NSAIDs, opioids, Buprenorphine and butorphanol, local anesthetics, Alpha-2 agonists |
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Term
| What is our major concern with using drugs in ruminants? What about NSAIDs specifically? |
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Definition
-WDT
-excess of NSAIDs in camelids will cause ulcers in third gastric compartment |
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