Term
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Definition
1)highest concentration of metabolic energy per unit mass
2) can be stored dry
3) efficiently metabolized
4)efficiently oxidized by other body tissues
5) muscle fibers relying on fatty acids can work for long hours without tiring |
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Term
| why stopovers for migratory birds? |
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Definition
| refuel, eat, drink, sleep, allows muscles to recover from oxidative stress, regenerate organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| weeds out cheaters, imposes selection. |
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Term
| clutch size determined by: |
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Definition
| age, climate, latitude, territory quality |
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Term
| Why more young increase predation risk: |
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Definition
| more noise, longer egg laying period, increased visitation rate by parents, risk fewer eggs and renest frequently |
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Term
| Current vs Future reproduction. Increased repro this year can... |
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Definition
| cause decrease in immune function next year, lose mass, decrease brood size next year, affect coloration next year |
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Term
| small clutches vs large clutches |
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Definition
Latitude: tropics < arctic
Altitude: lowlands < highlands
Nest Type: Vulnerable < Secure
Body Size: Large < Small
Type: Altricial < Precocial
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Term
| Birds cope with environment through: |
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Definition
| Neuroendecrine system. Composed of gas exchange, thermoregulation, |
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Term
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Definition
2 chambered - Proventriculus, gizzard.
Intestinal tract average 8.6 times body length.
Urine and feces mixed in lower intestine.
Nitrogenous waste excretion as uric acid. |
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Term
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Definition
1st inhalation: enter posterior air sac
1st exhalation: move to lungs
2nd inhalation: move from lungs to anterior air sac
2nd exhalation: out |
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Term
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Definition
feather position; countercurrent heat exchange
evaporative cooling; defacating on legs, panting, gular fluttering
Shunting
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Term
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Definition
feather position; countercurrent heat exchange
evaporative cooling; defacating on legs, panting, gular fluttering
Shunting
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Term
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Definition
50-100x more powerful than mammals of same size
41 % larger than mammals
at rest, beat at slower rates, but send out larger volume of blood |
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Term
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Definition
| Granivores, nectarivores, frugivores, herbivores, insectivores, piscivores, carnivores. |
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Term
| Pore size on eggs affects: |
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Definition
Amount of water capable of evaporating,
amount of bacteria that cant enter,
oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange
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Term
| Capital vs Income Breeders: |
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Definition
Capital: using energy resources gained days or weeks ago
Income: Using energy resources gained that same day |
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Term
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Definition
| Chorion, amnion, allantoic sac |
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Term
| Reasons supporting nest building is instinctual: |
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Definition
Little intraspecific variation,
birds raised in isolation still build species-specific nests |
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Term
| Tradeoffs of cavity nesting: |
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Definition
Stable temperature,
but experience ammonia buildup and poor CO2 O2 exchange |
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Term
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Definition
Optimal: 37-38 C
Problems at <35 or >40.5
Development stops at <26 |
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Term
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Definition
reveal information on genes and early development. fixed.
plumage (semi-static, 8 months in the making)
song repetoire (in closed-ended learners) |
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Term
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Definition
reveal info on current health, recent food/energy acquisition
singing rate
dance, physical display
flight display
song repetoire (in open ended learners)
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Term
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Definition
Size handicap: energy requirement
bright plumage handicap: predators
testosterone handicap: immunosuppressive
flight handicap: long tails, difficult flight
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