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Exam 2
Foodborne Zoonoses 1 & 2
69
Veterinary Medicine
Professional
03/25/2016

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Cards

Term
What is the most common foodborne infectious agent?
Definition
-norovirus
Term
Are bacteria or viruses the more common cause of foodborne illnes?
Definition
-viruses
Term
In the US, foodborne diseases affect 1 in ___ Americans each year. How many die a year? What is the most common cause of death?
Definition
-6
-3000
-Salmonella
Term
How are foodborne diseases transmitted?
Definition
-orally
Term
What are some of the points along the food chain that can lead to foodborne pathogen transmission?
Definition
-on the farm or in the field
-at the slaughter plact
-during processing
-at the point of sale
-in the home
Term
Are most microflora aerobic or anaerobic?
Definition
-anaerobic
Term
What is the most common facultative anaerobic enteric commensal?
Definition
-E. coli
Term
What are the attaching-effacing E. coli?
Definition
-enteropathogenic (EPEC)
-enterohemorrhagic (EHEC)
Term
What causes the human disease in response to E. coli O157? What is that disease?
Definition
-shiga toxin
-Hemorrhagic colitits
Term
What is the primary source of E. coli O157 to humans?
Definition
-mostly cattle (ground beef)
-also in water, veggies, and fruit
Term
What characterizes Virulent Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)?
Definition
-Shiga toxin, Locus of Enterocyte Effacement (LEE), intimin, LPS
Term
Cattle are asymptomatic intermittent shedders of E. coli O157. What is their resultant nickname?
Definition
-super-shedders
Term
In which season is E. coli O157 transmission the highest? Why?
Definition
-summer
-on feed, close together, in summer months
Term
What is responsible for E. coli O157 attachement? Do we have vaccines for this?
Definition
-intimin
-yes, but efficacy unknown
Term
What is the biological location of O157 E. colli?
Definition
-rectum > ileum = rumen
Term
What is the standard diagnostic method of E. coli O157
Definition
-clinical microbiology (SMAC)
Term
What are the rapid methods of diagnosing E. coli O157?
Definition
-O-antigen, shiga toxin genes
Term
What is the incuvation period of E. coli O157?
Definition
-2-5 days
Term
What are the clinical signs of E. coli O157 Hemorrhagic Colitis?
Definition
-watery and/or blood diarrhea, abdominal cramping, no fever or vomiting
Term
How do we treat E. coli O157?
Definition
-supportive care
Term
What is the general infective dose of E. coli O157?
Definition
-low (10-100 cfu)
Term
What syndrome does E. coli O157 cause in cheldren? What are the symptoms?
Definition
-Hemolytic-Uremic syndrome: child renal failure
-Symptoms: microangiopathic anemia, uremia, thrombocytopenia
Term
What is the #1 cause of renal failure in children <5 years old?
Definition
-E. coli O157
Term
What age group of cattle is susceptible to E. coli O157? Why?
Definition
-calves up to 3w
-cattle >3w are not susceptible to the effects of Shiga toxin
Term
What is the difference b/c STEC and EHEC?
Definition
-STEC = Shiga-Toxigenic E. coli = must possess and express Shiga toxin
-EHEC = Enterohemorrhagic E. coli = msut cause hemorrhage
Term
Is salmonella gram negative is gram positive?
Definition
-gram negative
Term
What family is Salmonella in? what kind of fermentation do they undergo?
Definition
-Enterobacteriaceae
-lactose non-fermenters
Term
What are the 2 species of Salmonella? How are they serogrouped?
Definition
-Salmonella enterica
-Salmonella bongori
-serogrouped with polyclonal antisera
Term
What is the host of the following host-adapted strains:
a) S. Cholerasuis
b) S. Dublin
c) S. Gallinarum
d) S. Pullorum
e) S. Typhi
Definition
a) swine
b) cattle
c) poutlry, fowl typhoid
d) poultry, Pullorum disease
e) Humans, Typhoid fever
Term
Which strain of Salmonella is the most ubiquitous?
Definition
-Salmonella typhimurium
Term
What is the salmonella strain of eggs?
Definition
-Salmonella Enteritidis
Term
How is Salmonella transmitted?
Definition
-fecal-oral route
-via eggs, food, and water
Term
Generally describe the pathogenesis of Salmonella Enteritis?
Definition
-invasion of epi of ileum and colon throught the M cells of the Peyer's patches => replicate in the vacuoles of epi cells
-can invade lamina propria and adjacent cells
Term
What are the clinical signs of Salmonellosis in mammals?
Definition
-watery diarrhea that may contain mucous, fibrin, blood, mucosal flecks, and sometimes casts
-Septicemia: acute onset of fever and depression with or withou diarrhea
-most often seen in young animals but can occur in any age
Term
Which reptiles are affected by Salmonella?
Definition
-turtles/tortoises, snakes, lizards, chameleons and iguanas
Term
Reptiles affected by Salmonella are usually asymptomatic but can have other symptoms can occur?
Definition
-septicemia, osteomyelitis, osteoarthritis, subcutaneous abscesses
Term
How do we diagnose Salmonella wiht a culture?
Definition
-culture feces, intestines, mesenteric lymph nodes, lung/liver/spleen from septicemia, blood cultures
Term
Why do we use serology for the diagnosis of Salmonella?
Definition
-Pullorum Disease in Poultry
Term
How do we treat Salmonella?
Definition
-antimicrobials for septicemia or enteritis cases
Term
How do we control Salmonellosis?
Definition
-minimize environmental contamination
-locate and eliminate the source of the organism
-minimize stress placed on the animals
-vaccines and competitive exclusion: poultry
Term
What are the big 4 Salmonella serovars in man?
Definition
-Enteritidis, Typhimurium, Newport, Heidelberg
Term
What are the symptoms of salmonellosis in man?
Definition
-diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain
Term
What is the incubation period of Salmonellosis in man?
Definition
-12-72 hours
Term
What age groups of man are at an increased risk of Salmonellosis?
Definition
-younger children and elderly but higher mortality in elderly
Term
How do we treat Salmonellosis in man?
Definition
-supportive care and antibiotics
Term
What are the common food sources of Salmonella in man? What about pets?
Definition
-raw poultry, eggs, milk, beef, peanut butter, unwashed fruit, alfalfa sprouts
-snakes, turtles, lizards, poultry
Term
How is DT 104 pentaresistant?
Definition
-tetracyclines, sulfonamides, ampicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol
Term
What is Reiter's Syndrome?
Definition
-reactive arthritis that is auto-immune/post-infectious
-GI infections often rpecede: Salmonella, Camylobacter, Cyclospora
Term
What are the two Campylobacter species that we are concerned with?
Definition
-Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli
Term
Campylobacter is in the CAH complex. What does that mean?
Definition
-Campylobacter: reproductive and enteric
-Arcobacter: sporadic aboritons in cattle and swine
-Helicobacter: stomach/liver infection
Term
Is Campylobacter gram negative or gram positive?
Definition
-gram negative
Term
Describe the appearance of Campylobacter?
Definition
-motile, curved rods that are gull shaped
Term
Why are Campylobacter species referred to as thermophilic?
Definition
-they can grow at 42C
Term
True or False: Many animals carry Campylobacter spp in the GI tract.
Definition
-TRUE for dogs, cats, ruminants, swine, birds
Term
Are animal campylobacter infections usually clinical or subclinical?
Definition
-usually subclinical
Term
How do we treat animal Campylobacteriosis?
Definition
-Erythromycin for 7-14 days to eliminate shedding (also use enrofloxacin)
Term
Approximately people get zoonotic campylobacteriosis each year? High mortality?
Definition
-2.4 million
-very few deaths
Term
What syndrome can zoonotic Campylobacteriosis lead to?
Definition
-Guillain-Barre syndrome which leads to acute paralysis from autoimmune attack of host cells in response to LOS endotoxin
Term
What are the common sources of Campylobacteriosis?
Definition
-raw or undercooked poultry, non-clorinated water, raw milk, infected animal or human feces
Term
What are the clinical signs of Campylobacteriosis and how long do they last?
Definition
-diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, nausea
-last for 2-5 days
Term
What is the causative agent of Listeriosis? Is it gram negative or positive? Shape?
Definition
-Listeria monocytogenes
-gram positive
-small, nonsporeforming rod
Term
What are the 3 disease syndromes that result from Listeria monocytogenes?
Definition
-neural form: meningoencephalitis in ruminants
-visceral form: seen in neonates
-sporadic abortions in ruminants
Term
What are the common names for meningoencephalitis in ruminants due to Listeria monocytogenes infection?
Definition
-circling disease or silage disease
Term
What are the general characteristics of Listeria?
Definition
-tough bug
-fairly resistant to heat
-optimum pH is 5-9
-can replicate at near freezing temperatures
Term
Describe the pathogenesis of Listeria?
Definition
-ingestion => invasion through intestinal epithelium => bacteriemia=? subclinical infection or abortion or CNS dz in ruminants
Term
Describe circling disease or silage disease?
Definition
-when a Listeria bacteremia results in the formation of unilateral focal microabscesses
Term
In what common ways are humans infected with Listeria?
Definition
-raw milk or cheese
-chilled sausage
-improperly pasteurized milk
-contaminated raw veggies
-meningoencephalitis
-occupational
Term
How do we treat zoonotic Listeria?
Definition
-Ampicillin
-need proper cooking and storage of food
Term
What fetal lesions result from Listeria?
Definition
-hepatic necrosis and meningitis
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