Term
| Canine parvovirus-2 was apparently nonexistent before ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most severe canine enteric desiease? |
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Definition
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Term
| CPV-2 belongs to the virus family ______ and the genus ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| How many strains of CPV-2 are there? From what did they evolve? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is CPV-2 transmitted? How long do sick dogs excrete the virus? |
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Definition
-oral-fecal route
-10 days |
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Term
| Suclinical CPV-2 infections occur in > ___% of infected dogs usually. |
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Definition
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Term
| In adults, cases of CPV-2 have <___% fatality. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which breeds of dogs are most susceptible to CPV-2? |
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Definition
| -Rotties, Dobermans, German shepherds, Goldens, Alaskan Sled dogs |
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Term
| Which breed of dogs is resistant to CPV-2? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the incubation period of CPV-2? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is CPV-2 labile or resistant in the environment? |
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Definition
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Term
| CPV-2 is a parvovirus that is antigenically (different/similar) from/to CPV-1, the other canine parvovirus. What/what other virus is it antigenically related to? |
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Definition
-different
-more antigenically related to FPV |
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Term
| What 2 syndromes are linked to CPV-2 infection? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the enteritis form of CPV-2. |
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Definition
-vomiting with sudden acute onset of diarrhea wit grey foul smelling feces/ watery and frankly hemorrhagic
-also fever, anorexia, and dehydration |
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Term
| Describe the mortality of the enteritis form of CPV-2. |
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Definition
-mostly in <12w
-either die or recover quickly |
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Term
| Describe the myocarditis form of CPV-s. |
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Definition
-not very common nowadays
-sudden death of young puppies and heart failure in older dogs |
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Term
| What is the primary site of replication of CPV-2? |
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Definition
| -oropharynx and associated lymphoid tissues |
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Term
| After primary replication of CPV-2 then what? Which cels does it infect? |
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Definition
-viremia to target cells
-infects fast growing cells: intestinal epithelium, lymphocytes (bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes) and actively dividing myocytes |
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Term
| What affect does CPV-2 infection have on the intestines? |
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Definition
-infects and causes necrosis of the crypt cells
-necrosis of the lymphocytes in Peyer's patches |
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Term
| How does CPV-2 cause myocarditis in puppies? |
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Definition
| -replicates in the rapidly dividing myocytes during the first 2 weeks of life, causing damage |
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Term
| What is the primary clinical pathology signs of CPV-2 infection? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the pathological lesions found at necropsy due to CPV-2. |
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Definition
-dehydration, hemorrhagic enteritis with hose-like SI, mucosal petechial hemorrhages, crater-like Peyer's Patches
-ballooned crypts, shortened villi |
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Term
| Which two tests are used for the visualization of CPV-2 Ag on intestinal epi? |
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Definition
-FA test
-IHM
(using viral specific MAb) |
|
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Term
| What is the most important diagnostic test for diagnosing CPV-2 in dogs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to a dog that recovers from CPV-2? Confirmation? |
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Definition
-it will develop lifelong immunity to infection
-serology on paired samples from recovered animals will confirm |
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Term
| How do we treat CPV-2 infection? |
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Definition
| -replace fluids control acidosis and vomiting, broad spectrum antibiotics |
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Term
| How do maternal antibodies complicate medical control of puppy CPV-2? |
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Definition
| -puppies with high levels of maternal antibodies (HI titer > 80) are resistant to infection and cannot respond to vaccination |
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Term
| Puppies (with/without) maternal antibody, or with antibody titer <___, are susceptible to both infection of virulent CPV-2 and vaccination with MLV vaccine. |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to puppies with maternal Ab HI titers between 5 and 80 to CPV-2? |
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Definition
| -can become infected with virulent CPV-2 but cannot be immunized with the MLV vaccine |
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Term
| What is the "window period"? What is it for CPV-2 specifically? |
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Definition
-the period during which patient can become infected but cannot be immunized
-HI titer 40-5 |
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Term
| What is CPV-1? Clinical presentation? |
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Definition
-avirulent virus of dogs (minute virus of canine) antigenically distinct from CPV-2
-associated with an asymptomatic dz which results in seroconversion
-in pups with mild diarrhea, fgrow poorly and fade away (fading pups)
-some cases of abortions |
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Term
| What is the real name of Hard Pad Disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| In which populations of dogs is Canine Distemper important? |
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Definition
| -pups acquired from pet shops and animal shelters |
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Term
| How do lions with CD present? |
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Definition
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Term
| CD belongs to the virus family ______ and to the genus ______. |
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Definition
-Paramyxoviridae
-morbillivirus |
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Term
| Describe the size, shape, and ghenome of CD. |
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Definition
| -large enveloped virus with a ssRNA and a helical nucleocapsid |
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Term
| What are the two important envelope proteins on CD? |
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Definition
-Fusion protein (F)
-Hemagglutination protein (H) |
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Term
| What two viruses is CD antigenically related to? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many serotypes are there of CD? How many strains are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| Obviously Canine Distemper infects canines. What other animals does it infect? |
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Definition
| -RACCOONS, SEALS, mink, skunks, cats, lions, cheetah, and ferrets |
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Term
| Is CD mildly or very contagious disease? How is it primarily transmitted? How else can it be tranmitted? |
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Definition
-very contagious
-transmitted primarily by respiratory droplet
-also via contact with mucous membranes or with urine and feces |
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Term
| Is CD labile or resistant in the environment? |
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Definition
| -easily inactivated and does not survive long in environment |
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Term
| What happens to dogs that recover from CD? |
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Definition
| -recovred dogs are not carriers of the virus |
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Term
| Why are wild animals important to CD? Which ones are especially important? |
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Definition
-keep the virus circulating
-raccoons |
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Term
| What is the incubation period of CD? |
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Definition
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Term
| ___% of CD infections in dogs are subclinical. |
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Definition
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Term
| What do you see with mild CD infections? |
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Definition
| -nasal discharge, fever, cough |
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Term
| What do you see in more severe CD infections? |
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Definition
| -respirtaory signs predominate, lung infections, moist productive cough, death, gastro-intestinal form, hemorrhagic diarrhea, CNS signs (seizures, ataxia, myoclonus, and chorea), ascending paralysis, hyperkeratosis of foot pads |
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Term
| What are the two possible outcomes from a dog with the CNS signs of CD? |
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Definition
| -either die during a seizure or recover with permanent residual CNS signs |
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Term
| Which presentation of CD suggests the dog is more likely to develop CNS signs? |
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Definition
| -hyperkeratosis of the foot pads |
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Term
| What does a CD-infected raccoon look like? |
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Definition
| -mucopurulent discharge from eyes and nose, cough, trouble breathing, fever, vomit, diarrhea, dehydration, weakness, weight loss, mobe slowly, neuro signs, seizures, mentally unstable, footpads become thick and hard |
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Term
| ?How do young puppies with CD present? |
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Definition
-teeth deformities (enamel hypoplasia) and cardiomyopathy
-Hypertrophic osteodystrophy |
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Term
| What is Old Dog Encephalitis? Clinical signs? |
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Definition
-Chronic Progressive Distempter Encephalitis
-ataxia, head pressing, pacing (continual movement), uncoordinated high stepping out |
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Term
| How do dogs with Chronic Progressive Distemper Encephalitis test? |
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Definition
| -no CDV in brain but positive for CD on FA of CNS tissues |
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Term
| Where does CD primarily replicate? Then what? |
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Definition
-tissue macrophages in oropharynx
-carried by macrophages to macrophages everywhere else => viremia => infects in many different organs |
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Term
| Definition: Pantropic virus |
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Definition
| -virus that infects cells in many different organs |
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Term
| Do skin and CNS infections occur early or late in the CD infection? |
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Definition
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Term
What happens to dogs that develop the following three responses to CD in the appropriate time frames:
a) neutralizing Ab by 9 days with high titers by 14 days
b) no immune response by 9 days
c) immune response is intermediate |
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Definition
a) clear the infection and recover
b) animal dies in a few days
c) cleared from lymphoid tissues but persists in neurons an depithelia (may cause CNS signs and hyperkeratosis_ |
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Term
| What history is suggestive of CD? |
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Definition
-unvaccinated young dog 3-6m
-respiratory disease, mucopurulent nasal and ocular discharges
-history of seizures is very suggestive of CDV |
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Term
| Describe the clinical pathology of CD. |
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Definition
| -leukpenia with absolute lymphopenia |
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Term
| What is special that you see histologically with CD? |
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Definition
| -inclusions in leukocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes |
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Term
| What exam do we do beyond serology and PE in CD-suspect cases? What are the results if it is indeed CD? |
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Definition
-CSF tap
-increased intracranial pressure, inc protein and lymphocytes |
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Term
| Describe the incluisons characteristic of CD? |
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Definition
| -intranuclear and intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions in the astrocytes, respiratory, alimentary, and bladder epithelial cells |
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Term
| How does CD affect the CNS? |
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Definition
-demyelination and lyymphocytic inflammation within the cerebrum, cerebelum, and brain stem
-non-suppurative meningoencephalomyelitis |
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Term
| What test do we do on CSF fluid for CD? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 most important tests for diagnosing CD? What is the time limit? |
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Definition
-FA and IHC
-Ag will disappear as the NA titiers increase (>8 days PI) |
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Term
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Definition
| -anticonvulsants and antibiotics |
|
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Term
| What kind of vaccine do we have for CD? Any complications? |
|
Definition
-MLV and Recombinant canarypox vaccine
-post-vaccine complicaitons with MLV: encephalitis in very young pups and exotic canines |
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Term
| What composes the recombinant canarypox vaccine for CD? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: 1 dose of MLV vaccine will provide protection in the colostrum-deprived pops of any age and in dogs older than 16 weeks. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some other names for Canine Adenovirus-1?/ Infectious Canine Hepatitis? |
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Definition
-Rubarth's disease
-Fox encephalitis |
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Term
| CAV-1 belongs to which virus family? Describe the virus. |
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Definition
-Adenoviridae
-non-enveloped, ds DNA, icosahedral symmetry, with 12 fibers and kobs |
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Term
| Is CAV-1 labile or resistant in the environment? |
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Definition
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Term
| CAV-1 and CAV-2 are antigenically related. What kind of disease does CAV-2? |
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Definition
| -respiratory disease (infectious tracheobronchitis) |
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Term
| What classical disease presentation does CAV-1 have? |
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Definition
| -hpatitis with basophilic intranucler inclusions in hepatocytes |
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Term
| With vaccination, ICH is now relatively rare in domestic dogs. So what kinds of dogs get it? What kind of infection is it? |
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Definition
-younger dogs
-most infections are sub-clinical and do not result in disease |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| How is CAV-1 transmitted? |
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Definition
| -direct contact with mucosal surfaces, urine, or fomites |
|
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Term
| What is CAV-1's incubation period? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the 5 forms of CAV-1? |
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Definition
1) Inapparent form
2) Mild respiratory form
3) Acute (hepatitis) form
4) Ocular form
5) Encephalitic form |
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Term
| Describe the inapparent form of CAV-1. |
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Definition
-mild sub-clinical disease
-most infections are inapparent and go unnoticed and undiagnosed |
|
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Term
| Describe the mild repsiratory form of CAV-1. |
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Definition
| -pharyngitis, laryngitis, and tonsillitis |
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Term
| Describe the acute (hepatitis) form of CAV-1. |
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Definition
-rarely observed
-fever, vomiting, thirst, diarrhea, pale mucus membranes with mucosal petechial hemorrhages, ictuers
-either found dead or dies in 3-4 hours |
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Term
| Describe the ocular form of CAV-1. |
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Definition
-blue eye
-transient corneal opacity caused by edema of cornea as a consequence of uveitis
-disappears after 3w with no permanent damage to the eye |
|
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Term
| Describe the encephalitic form of CAV-1. In which animals is it common? |
|
Definition
-seizures, ainless wandering
-rare in dogs but very common and important i foxes |
|
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Term
| Where does CAV-1 first multiply? Then what? |
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Definition
-forst multiplies in the oropharynx (tonsils) invades the lymphatics
-then infects vascular endothelial cells, causing necrosis of endothelial cells of blood vessels and hepatocytes |
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Term
| What are the results of vascular endothelial cell injury in the case of CAV-1? |
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Definition
| -leads to consumptive coagulopathy, DIC, and generalized bleeding tendecies, characterized by petechial and ecchymotic hemorrahges |
|
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Term
| What results in blue eye? |
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Definition
| -when antibodies to CAV-1 appear, immune complexes are formed and are deposited in the eye |
|
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Term
| Describe the clinical pathological presentation of CAV-1. |
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Definition
| -thrombocytopenia!!! neutropenia, lymphopenia, and elevated liver enzymes |
|
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Term
| What is the key necropsy sign for CAV-1? |
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Definition
| -markedly swollen sometimes hemorrhagic gallbladder wall |
|
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Term
| Histopathologically describe CAV-1. |
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Definition
| -basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in infected necrotic endothelial cells and in hepatocytes |
|
|
Term
| What are the two most important tests for diagnosis of CAV-1? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to dogs that survive CAV-1 infection? |
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Definition
| -strong lifetime immunity |
|
|
Term
| What vaccine do we use to protect against CAV-1? Why? |
|
Definition
-MLV for CAV-2
-CAV-2 MLV is not associated with blue eye |
|
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Term
| Which dogs are affected by canine herpesvirus -1 ? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| CHV-1 is what kind of virus?/ How many serotypes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the distribution of CHV-1. |
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Definition
| -worldwide with 50% of adults latnely infected in the sacral ganglia |
|
|
Term
| How is CHV-1 is transmitted? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| When do CHV-1 lesions show up on adults? What do they lok like? |
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Definition
-during times of stress, especially oestrus
-small vesicles/ulcers with erythema on vulva, vagina, and penis |
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Term
| In pups less than 2 weeks old, CHV-1 causes what? |
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Definition
| -acute highly lethal genralized infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -spreads hematogenously resulting in adisseminated fatal infection |
|
|
Term
| What is CHV-s's incubation period? What makes it special? |
|
Definition
-between 3-7 days
-NOT a febrile disease |
|
|
Term
| What happens to CHV-1-infected puppies? |
|
Definition
| -cry, whine, develop soft greenish stool, have labored breathing, abdominal pain, and die within 24-48 hours |
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|
Term
| Describe the pathogenesis of CHV-1. |
|
Definition
-replicates on the genital mucosal surface and is tranmitted venerally between bitches by the males
-at the time of whelping, CHV-2 replicates on the vaginal mucosa and is secreted in the vaginal fluid thus newborn pups are infected |
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Term
| What happens if the bitch is seropositive for CHV-2 at the time of whelping? |
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Definition
| -she will pass the anti-CHV-1 Ab to the pups via colosturm and they will be protected against disease, not infection |
|
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Term
| What happens if the bitch is seronegative for CHV-1 at ht eitme of whelping? |
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Definition
| -the pups will have no protection and some that are infected will develop the fatal disseminated form of CHV-1 disease within the first 2 weeks of birth |
|
|
Term
| When is the fatal disseminated form of CHV-1 observed? |
|
Definition
| -only when the bitch is whelpin gfor the first time |
|
|
Term
| What kind of bitches usually cause fatal disseminated form of CHV-1? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristic lesions of CHV-1 found at necropsy? |
|
Definition
| -focal necrosis and hemorrhage in virtually all organs, particularly kidneys and liver (kidneys appear mottled) |
|
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Term
| True or False: If a pup is infected with CHV-1 at birth is is protected from disease by maternal Ab, it is possbile for the virus to latently infect the nerve cells of the pup without the pup actually mounting an immune response. If true, what happens when this pup becomes an adult? |
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Definition
-TRUE
-can recrudesce the virus and not have the necessary Ab to protect the infected pups |
|
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Term
| Why are bad bitches more likely to lose pups to CHV-1? |
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Definition
| -because increasing body temp increases survival and bad bitches leave their pups cold |
|
|
Term
| Is there a vaccine against CHV-1? |
|
Definition
-no
-but we can use hyperimmune serum on the survivig pups in the litter |
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