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Exam 2
TSE/Rabies Doc from Pseudorabies onward
169
Veterinary Medicine
Professional
02/27/2016

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Cards

Term
What virus is behind pseudorabies?
Definition
-Suid herpesvirus type 1
Term
What is the common name for pseudorabies?
Definition
-Mad Itch
Term
Which animals are naturally infected with pseudorabies? Can other animals be infected?
Definition
-pigs: encephalitis and repro failure
-yes, other spp get affected too: encephalitis and marked local pruritis
Term
What viral family does pseudorabies belong to? How else can it be categorized?
Definition
-Family: Herpesviridae
-it is an alphahervpesvirus
Term
What is hte principal natural host of pseudorabies?
Definition
-pig: both domestic and feral
Term
Which species is responsible for maintaining pseudorabies? How?
Definition
-pigs
-maintain the virus latently in the neurons of the trigeminal ganglia
Term
Which other animals are capable of harboring and transmitting pseudorabies? Are they carriers?
Definition
-brown rat and raccoons
-not carriers b/c only for short periods
Term
Describe the presence of pseudorabies in the US.
Definition
-all commercial swine herds in the US are considered free of pseudorabies but feral pigs are carriers
Term
How is pseudorabies transfered between pigs?
Definition
-naso-oropharyngeal route
Term
How is pseudorabies transmitted between pigs and domestic animals?
Definition
-via biting,licking, or by aerosol
Term
Why is it called "pseudorabies" if it is a herpesvirus?
Definition
-comes from the clinical signs seen in infected cattle, dogs, cats, horses, sheep, goats, and raccoons
Term
Describe the prognosis of pseudorabies.
Definition
-always fatal
Term
Which mammal appears resistant to pseudorabies?
Definition
-man
Term
What are the clinical signs of pseudorabies in adult pigs?
Definition
-vomiting, anorexia, depression, and incoordination = most recover
-if pregnant, 50% abort = SMEDE
Term
What are the clinical signs of pseudorabies in young piglets?
Definition
-mortality is very high in those < 3w
-starts coughing and sneezing, then constipation and incoordination, listlessness, tremors, convulsions, and death within 72 hours after onset of clinical signs
Term
Most infected piglets die of pseudorabies within 72 hours. So what happens if PR becomes established on a pig farm?
Definition
-the suckling pigs are immune from the antibodies received in the colostrum and the CNS form is not recognized anymore
Term
What clinical signs are in older weaned pigs infected with pseudorabies?
Definition
-vomiting, constipation, incoordination with 2% mortality rate
Term
True or False: As is classic with pseudorabies, pruritis is observed in pigs with pseudorabies as with all species.
Definition
-FALSE, pruritis is not observed in pigs with pseudorabies
Term
What is pseudorabies called in cattle? Why?
Definition
-mad itch
-intense pruritis in flank and hind legs
Term
What are the clinical signs seen in a cow with pseudorabies?
Definition
-pharyngeal paralysis with salivation, mania, bellowing, convulsions, intense pruritis of flank and hind legs, death within 48 hours
Term
What are the clinical signs with pseudorabies with dogs and cats?
Definition
-intense pruritis is the principal clinical sign on the head
-solivate (bulbar paralysis)
-no aggressive behavior is noted
-howling, mewing, vomiting, diarrhea are common
Term
In pigs, PRV replicates in the ______ and infects the cranial nerves to travel to the ______ and _______. What happens in non-immune pigs? When an immune response occurs?
Definition
-oropharynx
-ganglia
-brain stem
-virus continues to spread causing CNS signs and death
-when an immune response occurs, virus replicationis arrested and pigs become latently infected in the neurons of trigeminal ganglia
Term
Describe the pathogenesis of PRV in animals other than pigs.
Definition
-travels from site of infection (bite) to the CNS via sensory nerves
Term
What tissue(s) do we submit for pseudorabies diagnosis? What tests are performed on it?
Definition
-brain, tonsillar tissue and aborted fetus
-FA on frozen tissue sections
-IHC on FF tissue
Term
Describe how we isolate pseudorabies virus.
Definition
-throat swabs and homogenizes tonsils and brain and confirmed by PCR
Term
How do we control pseudorabies?
Definition
-it is important to maintain a PR free herd
-test and slaughter policy
-avoid contact of domestic pigs with wild hogs
Term
How do vaccines help against wild type viruses?
Definition
-they do NOT prevent infection with virulent wild type viruses
Term
Is pseudorabies a notifiable diseases?
Definition
-YES
Term
Feline leukemia/lymphoma encompasses a broad range of clinico-pathological conditions including: ______, ______, & ______. Describe them.
Definition
-lymphomas: solid lymphoid tumors containing malignant proliferating lymphocytes
- leukemia: myeloproliferative tumor of the blood and bone marrow
-immunosuppresion: can occur in the absence of tumors
Term
Describe the distribution of feline leukemia/lymphoma.
Definition
-worldwide
Term
Feline leukemia/lymphoma is caused by what virus? What kind of virus is it? Family and genus? Any subtypes?
Definition
-Feline leukemia virus (FeLV)
-retrovirus
-Family: Retroviridae & genus Gammaretrovirus
-subtypes: A, B, and C
Term
What is the major internal structural protein of FeLV?
Definition
-p27
Term
Whichprotein serves s the basis for FeLV subtype differentiation?
Definition
-gp70
Term
Which envelope protein of FeLV has immunosupprassive properties?
Definition
-p15E
Term
What is FOCMA? Where is it found? Why bother mentioning it?
Definition
-feline Oncorna Cell Membrane Associated Antigen
-on the surface of cells transformed by FeLV
-Ab to the FOCMA induces lysis of FeLV transformed cells
Term
What does the ELISA test for FeLV detect?
Definition
-the presence of p27
Term
Is FeLV labile or resistant?
Definition
-very labile: susceptible to drying and disinfectants
Term
Describe the environments conducive to FeLV infection.
Definition
-urban households
-multi-cat households have highest incidence of infection and disease
Term
What is the most important source of infection of FeLV?
Definition
-the saliva of the viremic cat
Term
What are the most important means of transmission of FeLV?
Definition
-via direct contact: MUTUAL GROOMING, sharing of food and water bowls, biting
Term
Is FeLV contagious?
Definition
-YES
Term
In what instance is a young cat most likely to get infected with FeLV?
Definition
-prolonged exposure of a young cat to a high dose of virus
Term
The (older/younger) the cat, the more susceptivle it is to developing FeLV.
Definition
-younger
Term
Where in the body does FeLV replicate? How can cats get over the infection? The opposite?
Definition
-lymphoid tissue of oropharynx leading to viremia
-if develop neutralizing Ab to Gp70 within 3w = get over it
-if not, infected cat gets persistently viremic and have an 80% chance of dying of FeLV assoc dz within 3y
Term
What si the incubation period of FeLV?
Definition
-4-8w
Term
For every cat that dies of FeLV neoplasia, ___ die of non-neoplastic FeLV complications.
Definition
-2.6
Term
What percentage of feline tumors is attributed to FeLV?
Definition
-30%
Term
FeLV is thought to induce about ___% of all feline hematopoietic tumors.
Definition
-90%
Term
What are the most common presenting clnical signs in a cat with FeLV?
Definition
-loss of appetitie, slow progressive weight loss, anemia, persistent fever, pale gums, gingivitis/stomatitis, behavior changes, and lymphandeopathy
Term
What do lymphomas look like?
Definition
-masses that are cream-white in color with some red stippling on the cut surface
Term
What are mutlicentric lympomas (resulting from FeLV)?
Definition
-generalized tumors involving lymph noes, spleen, liver, etc
Term
What are alimentary lymphomas (resulting from FeLV)?
Definition
-tumors that affect the mesencteric lymph nodes
-cause vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, weight loss
Term
Which form of lymphoma is more common in older cats? How do they test via ELISA?
Definition
-alimentary lymphoma
-will often test negative for FeLV by ELISA
Term
Which form of lymphoma is more common in younger cats?
Definition
-tumor of younger cats
-causes difficulty swallowing and pleural effsion
Term
True or False: All hematopoietic cell lines are susceptible to transformation by FeLV.
Definition
-True
Term
Which form of leukemia is most common due to FeLV?
Definition
-acute lymphocytic leukemia is most common
Term
What is the most important presenting clinical signs with leukemia due to FeLV?
Definition
-anemai
Term
What is the most common type of anemia in a cat?
Definition
-non-regenerative
Term
What are some non-neoplastic diseases that can result from FeLV infection?
Definition
-non-regenerative anemia
-enterocolitis
-thymus atrophy
-immunosuppression
-repro failure: infertility, abortions, birth of weak fading kittens
Term
Describe the anemia resulting from FeLV infection.
Definition
-non-regenerative, normocytic, normochromic anemia
Term
True or False: ELISA for FeLV detects p27 antigen causing viremia.
Definition
-FALSE, detects antigenemia, not viremia
Term
How does IFA for FeLV work? What percentage of cats that are positive are viremic?
Definition
-detects FeLV antigens on virus infected lymphocytes
-98% of cats positive by the IFA test are viremic
Term
Of cats that test positive for FeLV by ELISA, ___% are viremia.
Definition
-70%
Term
What are the 3 possibilities to explain a negative FeLV ELISa?
Definition
-non-viremic
-not exposed
-immune
Term
What instances can explain a positive FeLV ELISA?
Definition
-viremic
-susceptible to FeLV disease
-excreting FeLV
Term
What is the name of a cat that is ELISA+ for FeLV and IFA-? Explain how this is possible.
Definition
-the discordant cat
-they test positive on initial report but test negative on subsequent tests
-faulty ELISA, in early stage of nfection, immune cat with a sequestered lesion
Term
What is a sequestered FeLV lesion? How is it clinically relevant?
Definition
-present in a healthy latently infected discordant cat infected with FeLV
-sequesters are small foci of infected lymphocytes in the BM that produce virus when virus replicates
-STRESS or corticosteroid therapy may induce virus to replicate and the ccat becomes antigenemic for a period
Term
A seropositive FeLV test can mean one of what two things?
Definition
-that the cat has recovered from infection
-cat has been vaccinated
Term
A seronegative FeLV test means one of what two things?
Definition
-cat has never been infected
-cat may actually have FeLV
Term
What types of vaccines do we have for FelV?
Definition
-whole virus inactivated with or without adjuvant
-disrupted virus vaccines with adjuvant
-genetically engineered gP70 vaccine with adjuvant
-recombinant (live) canary poxvirus with FeLV gene inserted in poxvirus genome
Term
What is the purpose of the FeLV vaccine?
Definition
-will prevent tumor but cats may become latently infected with FeLV
Term
Outline an FeLV control program.
Definition
-unknown FeLV status: test all cats, if negativ retest after 3m
-if FeLV exists, remove all positive cats and retest every 3m
Term
Which drugs can cause FeLV to go into remission?
Definition
-Cyclophosphamide + Vincristine + Prednisone
Term
What does AZT do for FeLV infection?
Definition
-can decrease the amount of virus shed and thhe degre of viremia
Term
What is Feline Sarcoma Virus (FeSV)?
Definition
-endogenous highly oncogenic replicative defective virus associated with tumors, primarily fibrosarcoma of the skin
-carrry a v-onc gene that repaces part of the env-gene
-thus can hijack the FeLV capsid and leave the cell as FeLV
Term
FIV is caused by a __(type of virus)__ withi what genus?
Definition
-retrovirus
-lentivirus
Term
How many subtypes of FIV are there and how are they differentiated?
Definition
-3
-differentiated by their envelope glycoproteins
Term
Describe the distribution of FIV?
Definition
-worldwide
Term
FIV stands for what?
Definition
-Feline Immunodeficiency virus
Term
FIV belongs to virus family ______ and genus _______.
Definition
-Retroviridae
-Lentivirus
Term
OF cats that are clinically ill, __%-__% test positive for FIV. In healthy cats, only __-__% are seropositive.
Definition
-4-25%
-2-3%
Term
How is FIV primarily transmitted?
Definition
-via biting during cat fights
Term
Describe the pathology of FIV after transmission.
Definition
-infects and circulates in CD4 T-helpher lymphocytes as a provirus
-free virus is also present in blood, and to lesser extent in the saliva
Term
Is horizontal transmission in multi-cat households infrequent or frequent in occurrence?
Definition
-infrequent
Term
Relate the infidence of infection of FIV between females and males.
Definition
-Males 2-3X higher than in female
Term
Are older or younger cats more likely to be infected with FIV?
Definition
-older
Term
Other than via biting during fights, how else can FIV be transmitted
Definition
-by parenteral route (IV, IM, SC)
-from infected dam to kittents in utero and at birth from milk
Term
What is the primary site of FIV replication in the body? What does it result in?
Definition
-thymus
-results in T-cell dpeletion
Term
Does viremia ever result from FIV?
Definition
-yes, occurs as result of the primary infection
Term
What happens to FIV with the onset of host immune repsonse?
Definition
-viremia decreases, and hte infection eventually goes latent with very low levels of virus
Term
True or False: The latent period of FIV may last for years during which the cat is said to be chronically infected.
Definition
-TRUE
Term
Describe what happens to FIV in a chronically infected cat.
Definition
-although the cat is normally healthy, FIV still replicates in lymphocytes and can be isolated from lymphocytes and serum
-however, higher level of virus replciation occurs during stress and episodes of illness
Term
How does FIV infection cause a progressive disruption of immune functions?
Definition
-marked decrease in the number of circulating CD4+ cells and disruptions in cytokine production
-secondary infections occur on the skin and mucosal surfaces of chronically infected cats
Term
What happens with a congenitally infected kitten?
Definition
-regression of infection can occur with disappearance of antibodies
-they remain latently infected (CR positive) but are not viremic
Term
What are the clinical signs associated with the acute phase of FIV?
Definition
-fever with malaise, generalized lymphadenopathy, diarrhea, stomatitis, conjunctivitis, and respiratory disease
Term
What is the asymptomatic phase of FIV?
Definition
-may last up to 6 years
-it is the transition from this phase to the terminal pahse that occurs without obvious precipitating factrs
Term
What happens in the terminal phase of FIV infection?
Definition
-calles wasting syndrome
-stomatitis and gingivitis
-opportunistic infections: uveitis, respiratory disease, neoplasia (of B-cell origin), changes in behavior,seizures, paresis
Term
Which age/sex of cat is more susceptible to FIV?
Definition
-older, male cat
Term
What are some clinical signs that are suggestive of FIV?
Definition
-recurrent infections, stomatitis/gingivitis, abrnomal behavior, and loss of weight
Term
What are the clinical pathology characteristics of FIV?
Definition
-anemia, neutropenia, and lymphopenia
Term
What is the test performed to test for the presence of FIV? What specifically does it detect?
Definition
-RT-PCR
-tests for viral DNA provirus in infected circulating lymphocytes
Term
If an adult cat tests serpositive for FIV, what other assumption must be made?
Definition
-that it is also RT-PCR positive
Term
Why is serology an important test for diagnosisng FIV infection?
Definition
-looks for Ab in the blood: most cats will develop a detectable IgG Ab resonse by 8w post ifnection and they will remain seropositive
Term
What does the ELISA Snap test for FIV detect?
Definition
-circulating FIV Ab
Term
How does one confirm a FIV ELISA?
Definition
-western blot test
Term
True or False: Once seropositive for FIV, cats remain seropositive forever through the asymptomatic and symptomatic phases of infection. However, they may become seronegative during the terminal stage of infection.
Definition
-TRUE
Term
What is the one major drawback of the FIV snap test?
Definition
-issue differentiating between infected and vaccinated cats
Term
What do we generally prescribe for FIV cases?
Definition
-AZT: improves clinical signs, immune status, and quality of life/life expectancy
Term
How do we treat cats with FIV-related stomatitis?
Definition
-antibiotics and good dental hygiene
Term
How do we respond to healthy FIV-positive cats?
Definition
-should be vaccinated routinely to prevent infection with other pathogens
Term
Why is the use of inactivated FIV vaccines recommended?
Definition
-some cats vaccinated with attenuated feline panleukopenia vaccines have become sick
Term
What causes Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)?
Definition
-feline enteric coronavirus (FeCoV)
Term
Describe the pattern associated with FIP. Is it generally mild or severe?
Definition
-sporadic
-highly fatal
Term
What virus family does Feline Eneric Coronavirus?
Definition
-Coronaviridae
Term
Which specific term do we use for the mutated FeCoV that is isolated from cats with FIP? How do they differ?
Definition
-Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus
-differe genetically but not antigenically
Term
How does FIPV arise from FeCoV?
Definition
-arises naturally in vivo by mutating and acquiring an enhanced ability to replicate in tissue macrophages and circulating macrophages
Term
Which cats are more prone to FIP?
Definition
-young cats <2y and very old cats
Term
What percentage of cats in the US are seropositive for FeCoV?
Definition
-40%
Term
How is FIPV primarily transmitted?
Definition
-ingestion (although inhalation is possible)
Term
How is FeCoV shed from the body? Does it last a short while or a long while?
Definition
-in the feces
-can remain in dry feces for a few weeks and serve as a source of infection
-can also be excreted in the saliva dn resp tract
Term
FeCoV is antigenically related to th corronaviruses of what other species?
Definition
-pigs, dogs, and humans
Term
Ih which situation is FIP most likely to occur?
Definition
-repeated exposure to large quantities with added stress
Term
How do the incubation periods of FeCoV and FIPV compare?
Definition
-FeCoV = a few days
-FIPV = >4m
Term
Cats are infected with FeCoV by ______. the virus replicates in ______ cells and is shed in large numbers in the ______.
Definition
-ingestion
-intestinal epithelial cells
-feces
Term
True or False: Cats that have no antibodies to FeCoV develop FIP. De-complemented cats do not develop lesions of FIP.
Definition
-FALSE: Cats that have no antibodies to FeCoV do not develop FIP. De-complemented cats do not develop lesions of FIP.
Term
Approximately what percentage of cats htat have been infected with FeCoV and that develop antibodies to FeCoV will develop FIP? Any reasonn?
Definition
-1-2%
-associated with stress and in environments where cats are exposed to high concentrations of FeCoV
Term
In seropositive cats with a persistent infection, where do they harbor the virus? what can cause a future increase in replication?
Definition
-tissue macrophages
-when immuunosuppressed by STRESS, the CMI response is depressed, thus the latent FeCoV replicates and acquires mutations that allow it to replicate even better in macrophages
Term
What does FeCoV replication in macrophages near blood vessels do? Why is this important?
Definition
-Ab fix complement => C3a and C5a release => inflammation => attracts neutrophils => pyogranuloma formation around the blood vesssels
-The clinical and pathological pictures seen are a direct result of vasculitis
Term
What is the special term used to describe the pathogenesis of FIP?
Definition
-antibody-dependent enhacement
Term
What are the clinical signs of early FeCoV infection?
Definition
-diarrhea or upper respiratory infection
Term
What clinical signs follow early infection of FeCoV if infection is unresponsive to treatment?
Definition
-severe diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss
Term
What are the 3 forms of FIP?
Definition
1) Effusive/wet form
2) Granulomatous/dry form
3) Mixed form
Term
Describe the effusive wet form of FIP. Clinical signs?
Definition
-characterized by the development of excessive amounts of fluid in chest and/or abdomen
-CS: anorexia, weight loss, depression, dehydration, anemia, unresponsive fever, icterus, abdominal distention if fluid in abdomen, dyspnea and muffled heart sounds if fluid in chest cavity
Term
Describe the non-effusive dry form of FIP. Clinical signs?
Definition
-characterized by granulomatous lesions or pyogranuloma in many areas of the body
-also have ocular lesiosn with color change of iris
-behavioral changes: CNS lesions in 12% of cats with FIP
-granulomatous lesions on viscera, kidneys, brain
Term
What does the effusive fluid from wet form of FIP look like? Describe its contents.
Definition
-clear, straw-colored, clots on standing, and slimy to tough
-low cellularity with mostly macrophages
-A:G ratio is <0.45 and TP>3.5
Term
What other signs of FIP do you commonly see on your CBC?
Definition
-non-regenerative anemia
-neutrophilia with a left shift
-hypergammaglobulinemia
-increase in acute phase proteins
Term
What pathological lesions do you see with wet FIP?
Definition
-rough white deposits on serosal surfaces of abdomen and thorax with fibrinous exudate
Term
What pathological lesions do you see with dry FIP?
Definition
-pyogranulomas in liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys, lymph nodes, and eyes
Term
What is the only way to definitively diagnose FIP?
Definition
-histopathology
Term
Other than histopath, how else do we diagnose FIP?
Definition
-IHC
-RT-PCR (but can also detect FeCoV)
-FIP Ab test: cannot distinguish FIP and FeCoV
Term
Whay is the Primucell vaccine? How is it administered? Any drawbacks?
Definition
-attenuated temperature sensitive FIP vaccine
-given intranasally
-only partially effective
Term
If a kitten has maternal Ab's for FIP, can they get infected?
Definition
-YES, the virus is epitheliotropic and may replicate in the kitten in the presence of maternal Ab's
Term
How do we control FIP in environments with lots of cats?
Definition
-test and slaughter approach
Term
How do we treat FIP?
Definition
-no treatment
Term
What are some alternative names to Feline Panleukopenia?
Definition
-Feline Distemper
-Feline Infectious Enteritis
-Cat Fever
-Cat Plague
Term
What is Feline panleukopenia? Clinical signs?
Definition
-highly contagious, sometimes fatal, viral disease of cats seen worldwide
-CS: vomiting, severe dehydration, neutropenia
Term
What kind of virus causes Feline panleukopenia? Is it labile or resistant?
Definition
-parvovoirus
-very resistant and can persist for months in the environment
Term
Which age-group of cats are most adversely affected by Feline Panleukopenia?
Definition
-kittens
Term
In natural population, w___% of cats are seropositive for Feline Distemper and ___% of unvaccinated cats become seropositive fy 1 year of age.
Definition
-70%
-75%
Term
FPV is a parvovirus belonging to th virus family ______. How many serotypes are there?
Definition
-Parvoviridae
-1
Term
What substances can inactivate FPV?
Definition
-Clorox and formalin
Term
FPV is antigenically related to what two viruses?
Definition
-Mink enteritis virus
-canine parvovirus 2
Term
How is FPV transmitted? How is it excreted?
Definition
-orally by contact with infected cats or with contaminated fomites
-in feces and is shed for up to 6w
Term
Which cats are most susceptible to FPV?
Definition
-unvaccinated young 2-6m old kittens
Term
What is FPV's incubation period?
Definition
-1w
Term
What is FPV's primary site of replication? Then what happens?
Definition
-oropharynx
-viremia follows and all the fast dividing cells in any organ are infected (lymphocytes in bone marrow thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, epi cells in crypts, myeloid cell precures = severe neutropenia)
Term
What happes if a pregnant queen gets infected with FIP?
Definition
-crosses the placenta and infects the fetus
-early in gestation: fetal death, reabsorption, and infertility
-mid gestation: abortion or mummified fetuses
-late in gestation or soon after birth: cerebellar hypoplasia and optic nerve atrophy in kitten
Term
How do young kittens respond to FIP infection?
Definition
-can be acutely lethal
-pathogen-free kittens have a milder disease when infected
Term
How do older cats respond to FPV infection?
Definition
-mild, sub-clinical to asymptomatic disease seemn in older cats unless they are immunosuppressed and/or FIV positive
Term
Describe the peracute disease form resulting from FPV infection.
Definition
-in young kittens
-overwhelming infection with no clinical signs and death within 24h
Term
Describe the acute disease form of FPV.
Definition
-cats presented with fever, depression, anorexia, and vomiting
-diarrhea and extreme dehydration later
-abdominal tenderness
-25-90% fatality
Term
Describe the clinical pathology of FPV.
Definition
-leukpenia
-also see neutropenia with anemia
Term
Describe what you see at necropsy of FPV.
Definition
-dehydration, dilated SI, edematous, hose-like appearance, petechial hemorrhages, edematous lymph nodes
Term
Do we frequently isolate FPV? Why or why not?
Definition
-no, it is easy but FA test is quicker
-
Term
How do we diagnose FPV?
Definition
-FA
-ELISA
-IHC
Term
What happens to cats that recover from FPV?
Definition
-develop lifelong immunity to infection through Ab
Term
By ___ weeks of age, all kittens will successfully respond to FPV vaccination.
Definition
-12 weeks
Term
What kinds of FPV vaccines are available? Any reservations?
Definition
-MLV and inactivated
-do not use MLV in young kittens or pregnant queens! use formalin-inactivated vaccine
Term
When do we use hyperimmune FPV serum?
Definition
-prophylactically
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