Term
| True or False: The repro tract is functional at birth. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| When do male and female repro systems seperate in pregnancy? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What hormone determines whether an animal becomes a male or female? |
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Definition
| -Testis determining factor (TDF) |
|
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Term
| What is the physiologic reason there are proportionally more cryptorchids in horses? |
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Definition
| -they take longer for their testicles to drop in utero |
|
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Term
| What are the components of the male reproductive tract? |
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Definition
| -seminiferous tubule (where sperm is made), rete testis, head of epididymis, body of epididymis, tail epididymis, vas deferens, accessory sex glands, penile urethra |
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Term
| What is special about the bull penis? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How are bull testicles positioned? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the accessory sex glands? |
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Definition
| -seminal vesicles, prostate, Cowper's gland/bulbourethral gland, ampulla |
|
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Term
| What structure makes it difficult to pass a catheter in a male ruminant? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do horses have a sigmoid flexure? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Describe the positioning of horse testicles. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Do horses have a preputial opening? |
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Definition
| -No, have a double-bending of preputial mebrane |
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Term
| What is the major difference b/n bull and stallion accessory sex glands? |
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Definition
| -bull's are lobulated while stallion's are not |
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Term
| Do pigs have a sigmoid flexure? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What about boar testicles cause fertility issues? |
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Definition
| -they angle up, thus heat issues |
|
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Term
| What is present in the dog and cat penises that is not present in that of a bull, stallion, and boar? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Describe canine accessory sex glands. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Describe a tom's accessory sex glands. |
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Definition
-bi-lobed prostate, bulbourethral glands only
-no seminal vesicles |
|
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Term
| What is special about a llama penis? |
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Definition
| -have a cartilage tip to induce ovulation |
|
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Term
| Describe llama accessory sex glands? |
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Definition
| -undefined ampulla, prostate, bulbourethral glands |
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Term
| In which animals are seminal vesicles absent? What do they do? |
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Definition
-absent in canines, felines, and lamoids
-contribute volume to semen and provide nutrition |
|
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Term
| What are the components of the spermatic cord? |
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Definition
-ductus deferens
-cremaster muscle
-pampiniform plexus |
|
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Term
| True or False: The space b/n the visceral parietal tunic and parietal tunic cmmunicates with the abdominal space. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the functions (4) of the pamppaniform plexus? |
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Definition
1) proper temperature control
2) counter current heat exchange
3) testosterone exchanger (testosterone levels higher down in testicles)
4) pulse pressure eliminator |
|
|
Term
| What is the cremaster muscle? |
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Definition
| -the primary muscle supporting the testes and extrends the entire length of the sprermatic cord |
|
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Term
| Is the cremaster muscle striated or smooth? |
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Definition
| -striated and is continuous with internal abdominal oblique muscle |
|
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Term
| What are the funcions of the Cremaster Muscle? |
|
Definition
-control of testicular temperature
-contraction and relaxation creates a pumping action on the pampiniform plexus, thuus facilitating blood flow and enhancing cooling efficiency
-protect the pendular testes during periods of physial confrontation or flight |
|
|
Term
| What is the scrotum? What does it do? |
|
Definition
-a two-lobed sac holding the testes
-supports the testes and provides proper temperature regulation |
|
|
Term
| How does temperature of the testes signal ram respiratory rate? |
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Definition
| -scrotal skin => sweat glands => symp nn => inc resp rate |
|
|
Term
| How does temperature affect sperm? |
|
Definition
| -temps above 36 degrees for a period of time cause dec motility and inc sperm abnormalities |
|
|
Term
| What are the major layers of the scrotum? |
|
Definition
-skin
-tunica dartos (smooth m)
-scrotal fascia
-parietal tunica vaginalis
-visceral tunica vaginalis |
|
|
Term
| What is the tunica dartos? What does it do? |
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Definition
| -smooth muscle around the testes that ocntracts or relaxes in response to temp and level of androgens |
|
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Term
| The shaft of the penis has an area of spongy erectile tissue known as the ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ventral portion of the penis immediately surrounding the penile uretra is another area of spongy erectile tissue called the ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Erection is brought about by a combo of contraction and relaxation of the ______ muscles and the rushing of blood into the ______ and ______. |
|
Definition
-retractor penis mm
-corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum |
|
|
Term
| Which species has/have a dorsal erectal canal? |
|
Definition
| -bulls, rams (also a urethral process) |
|
|
Term
| Which species has a spiral penis? Why? |
|
Definition
-boars
-boes counterclockwise into the cervix to cause ejaculation |
|
|
Term
| Which species have a sigmoid flexure? |
|
Definition
| -ruminants, lamoids, and boars |
|
|
Term
| Which species has a large amount of erectile tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cat penis is directed in which direction? Anything unique about it? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Outline the erection of the penis |
|
Definition
-elevated arterial blood inflow
-dilation of the corporal sinusoids
-restricted venous flow
-elevated intrapenile pressure
-relaxation of the retractor penis muscle |
|
|
Term
| What is the prepuce? In what breeds are they lacking? |
|
Definition
-freely moveable and attached at the orifice and the glans penis
-Brahma/crosses (leads to preputial prolapse) |
|
|
Term
| What muscles move the prepuce? |
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Definition
| -protractor and retractor preputial muscles |
|
|
Term
| What is unique regarding the boar's prepuce? |
|
Definition
-it is small and just caudal to it there is a preputial diverticulum
-if this fills with urine it can look like an umbilical hernia |
|
|
Term
| What is the mediastinum testes? What does it do? |
|
Definition
-white CT band in testes
-prevents testes from collapsing |
|
|
Term
| Outline the flow of sperm. |
|
Definition
| -seminiferous tubules => rete testes => mediastinum testes => efferent tubules => head of epididymis => tail of epididymis |
|
|
Term
| What cells produce testosterone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the excurrent duct system? |
|
Definition
-efferent ducts
-epididymal ducts
-ductus deferense |
|
|
Term
| The tail of the epididymis is continuous with the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is seminal plasma? Where is it produced? In what spp is it special? |
|
Definition
-non-celluar fluid vehicle for the spermatozoal delivery to the female
-produced in the epididymis, ampulla, and accessory sex glands
-Stallion: gel fraction (seminal vesicles) AND Boar: gel fraction (bulbourethral gland) |
|
|
Term
| Erection, protrusion of the penis, and ejaculation are under muscular control. Which muscles are associated iwth the pelvic urethra and penis? |
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Definition
| -urethralis, bulbopsongiosus, ischiocavernosus, retractor penis |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Impotentia coeundi |
|
Definition
| -able to copulate and ejaculate |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Impotentia generandi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some common issues that lead to an inability to get an erection? |
|
Definition
| -vascular shunt, paralysis of penile n, painful conditions of the penis, hematoma, fracture of Os penis |
|
|
Term
| What are some common issues that lead to issues with penis protrusion? |
|
Definition
| -stricture, juvenile penis, neoplasia, balling of the penis in a boar, pathology of retractor mm |
|
|
Term
| What are some common issues that lead to poor semen quality? |
|
Definition
| -scrotum, testes, epididymis, hyperhtermia, blockage, pharmaceuticals used etc |
|
|
Term
| What are some infectious agents that can mess with penis function? |
|
Definition
| -Brucellosis, BVD, Tritrichomonas foetus, Campylobacter, Hemophilus, EVA, CL, A. pyogenes, etc |
|
|
Term
| What are some examination techniques for female LA repro systems? SA? |
|
Definition
-LA: rectal palpation, trans-rectal ultrasound, vaginoscopy
-SA: trans-abdominal palpation, vaginoscopy, radiography |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the female mullerian duct |
|
Definition
-infundibulum
-oviduct
-uterine horn
-cervix
-vagina - vestibule
-vulva |
|
|
Term
| Describe the uterus of the mare and bitch |
|
Definition
| -small body and long horns |
|
|
Term
| In which spp is the cervix muscular? How about fibrinous rings? |
|
Definition
-muscular: mare and bitch
-fibrinous: ruminants, sow, llama |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the cervix? |
|
Definition
| -seals the uterus form the environment |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 positive signs of pregnancy? |
|
Definition
-amnitic vesicle: cow palpation
-membrane slip: cow palpation
-fetus: ballotment
-placentomes: palpation or U/S |
|
|
Term
| Around when is the amniotic vesicle first palpable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When are placentomes first palpable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe White heifer disease |
|
Definition
| -short horn cattle with persistent hymen and uterine and ovarian hypoplasia |
|
|
Term
| What is a free-martin? In which animals is it more common? |
|
Definition
-when twins (heifer and bull) are born and heifer has both male and female organs
-cows |
|
|
Term
| In a freemartin calf, what substance from the male twin's testes causes the differentiation of Sertoli cells and seminiferous structures in the female twin's ovaries? |
|
Definition
-mullerian inhibitory substance
-ovaries are hypoplastic with few or no germ cells
-seminal vesicles are present, clitoris may be enlarged, other female parts are hypoplastic |
|
|
Term
| What is real-time B mode ultrasonography used for? |
|
Definition
-accurate ID of ovarian structures, uterine size and contents
-used for early pregnancy diagnosis |
|
|
Term
| Which spp are classified how based on layers between fetal and maternal blood? |
|
Definition
-epitheliochorial: cow, pig, horse
-endotheliochorial: dog, cat
-hemochorial: human, rodents |
|
|
Term
Assign the correct spp to the following types of placentas:
a) diffuse, epitheliochorial
b) cotyledonary, epitheliochorial
c) zonary, endotheliochorial
d) discoid, hemochorial |
|
Definition
a) horses, pigs
b) ruminants
c) carnivores
d) humans, apes, monkeys, and rodents |
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