Term
| Definition: Cytotoxic Drug |
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Definition
| -subsstances that are toxic to cells |
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Term
| Definition: Hazardous Drug |
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Definition
| -includes anti-neoplastic, antiviral, sex steroid hormones, and immuno suppressants |
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Term
| What are the four important characteristics of hazardous drugs? |
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Definition
1) genotoxic
2) carcinogenic
3) tetrogenic
4) ability to cause serious organ or toxic manifestation in experimental animals |
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Term
| Definition: Occupational Safety and Health Act (1970) |
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Definition
-federal law which governs workplace health and safety
-under this act, MIOSH makes recommendation to OSHA on required safety measures
-OSHA has the primary responsibility of enforcing safety measures at workplace |
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Term
| What are the main routes of exposure to cytotoxic drugs? |
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Definition
| -inhalation of dusts or aerosols, dermal absorption, and ingestion |
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Term
| What are a couple recommended practices that can minimize exposure? |
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Definition
-establishment of a designated drug handling area
-use of biological safety cabinets
-procedures for safe disposal of contaminated waste
-decontamination procedures |
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Term
| If BSCs are not available, what do you do? |
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Definition
| -longer latex/nitrile gloves that cover the gown cuff, NIOSH-approved respiirator, and eye and face masks are recommended for use with HD's |
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Term
| What are the advantages of a closed system? |
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Definition
| -prevent leak and aerosol exposure to cytotoxic drugs |
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Term
| What are the recommended types of biosafety cabinets? |
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Definition
| -Class II, type B, or Class III BSC's (vent outside) |
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Term
| What are the methods of decontamination? |
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Definition
-surface cleaning with water and detergent and thorough rinsing
-do not bleach as they do not inactivate all chemicals |
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Term
| What are the potential toxic effects of cytotoxic drugs? |
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Definition
| -genotoxic, carcinogenic, teratogenic/fertility impairment, serious organd or other toxic manifestations |
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Term
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Definition
| -the application of drugs to kill infectious organisms or foreign cells |
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Term
| Definition: Immunotherapy |
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Definition
| -treatment with use of specific antibodies to tumor molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| -introduction of new cells into body to treat disease |
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Term
| Definition: Adjuvant therapy |
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Definition
| -describe chemotherapy that accompanies surgery or radiation therapy |
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Term
| Definition: Combination chemotherapy |
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Definition
| -use of two or more drugs at specified dosage and intervals |
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Term
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Definition
| -treatment drawn from all classes of therapeutic agents such as chemo, immuno, hormones, antibodies, gene therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| -when all the cancer cells have been killed |
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Term
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Definition
| -when all clinical evidence of cancer ha disappeared |
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Term
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Definition
| -treatment to reduce pain, improve sense of well-being (when cure is unlikely) |
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Term
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Definition
| -process of cell growth and division |
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Term
| What are the phases of the cell cyle? |
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Definition
| -INterphase, Metaphase, C phase |
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Term
| What are the subdivisions of interphase? |
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Definition
-G1: cell growth phase
-S: DNA replication phase
-G2: phase of continued cell growth and preparation for division |
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Term
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Definition
| -process where DNA is moved to two ends of a cell |
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Term
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Definition
| -cytoplasm is divided to create two daughter cells |
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Term
| What controls the transition between the phases of the cell cycle? |
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Definition
| -Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs) |
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Term
| How long doess it take for a normal cell cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: Cancer cells respond to CDKs and thus can have controlled cell division. |
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Definition
| -FALSE, do not not respond to CDKs and have uncontrolled cell division |
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Term
| As tumor grows in size, the doubling time of cells (quickens/slows) and consequenlty the growth fraction (Decreases/increases). |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the log kill hypothesis? |
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Definition
| -states that a constant proportion of cells (normal and cancerous) are killed with each chemotherapy cycle |
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Term
| True or False: Normal cells have a faster doubling time compared to tumor cells, and rebound quickly upon chemotherapy. |
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Definition
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Term
| What prevents the rapid renewal of cells and causes regression upon chemotherapy? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False:n Myelosuppression is generally oberved with chemotherapy. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a possible side effects of chemotherapy drug toxicity? |
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Definition
| -GI toxicity (diarrhea & vomiting) and hair thinning can also be seen |
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Term
| What causes phelbitis and tissue necrosis? |
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Definition
| -extravasation of chemotherapeutics at injection sites |
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Term
| True or False: Drug resistance can occur at many levels. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of Body Surface Area? |
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Definition
-a method to normalize drug dosage across species
-may not be accurate and small animals may receive mor drug |
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Term
| What are Akylates? Example? |
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Definition
-alkylates in nitrogen atom of guanine in DNA causing inter and intra-strand cross links
-ex: cyclophosphamide, carmustine, melphalan, Dacarbazine |
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Term
| What are some common Akylate side effects? |
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Definition
| -myelosuppressin and GI toxicity |
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Term
| Are Akylates cell cycle specific? |
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Definition
| -no, not regarded as being cell cycle specific because of their abilit to kill non-proliferating cells |
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Term
| Give an example of a nitrogen mustard. What are some possible side effects? |
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Definition
-ex: cyclophosphamide
-can cause sterile necrotizing hemorrhagic cystitis characterized by bloody urine, and transitional cell carcinoma in cats and dogs |
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Term
| Give an example of a Platinum co-ordinated complex. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the indication for cisplatin? |
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Definition
| -transition and squamous cell carcinoma, osteosarcoma |
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Term
| When is cisplatin contraindicated? Why would it be limited i dogs? |
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Definition
-in cats because it causes fatal pulmonary toxicity
-nephrotoxicity is a dose limiting toxic effect in dogs
-should not be administered through an aluminum needle since aluminum reacts and inactivates the drug |
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Term
| Most Antimetabolites are prodrugs that get converted (extracellularly/intracellularly) into their active forms. |
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Definition
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Term
| Give an example of antimetabolites. What do they do? |
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Definition
-methotrexate, 5-Fluorouracil
-inhibits S-phase DNA synthesis (Cell cyycle specific) |
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Term
| What are the possible side effects of antimetabolites? |
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Definition
| -myelosuppression and GI toxicity |
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Term
| How does methotrexate (MTX) work? |
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Definition
| -binds to dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and affects purine and pyrimidine synthesis |
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Term
| When is methotrexate contraindicated? |
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Definition
| -in a patient with bone marrow depression |
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Term
| What is the MOA of microtubule-targed agents? |
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Definition
| -destroys mitotic spindle |
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Term
| What are a few of members of microtubule-targed agents? |
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Definition
| -vinca alkaloids (vincristine, vinblastine) |
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Term
| Tell me about vincristin. |
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Definition
| -a major drug in veterinary oncology, and effective against transmissible venereal tumor as a single agent |
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Term
| What are the side effects of microtuble-targeted agents? |
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Definition
| -severe tissue irritant, and neurotoxic |
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Term
| What are a few examples of topoisomerase inhibitors antibiotics? |
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Definition
| -doxorubicon, daunorubicin, bleomicin |
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Term
| How do topoisomerase inhibitors work? |
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Definition
| -broad spectrum anti-tumor activity and most widely used in small animal medicine |
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Term
| Explain the mechanism of doxorubicon. |
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Definition
| -stabilizes DNA-topoisomerase complex and prevents re-ligation of DNA strands |
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Term
| What is another word for doxorubicon? Why is it called that? |
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Definition
-intercalating agents
-intercalates between adjacent base pair |
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Term
| Give an example of an enzyme. |
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Definition
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Term
| How does asparaginase work? |
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Definition
| -asparaginase catalyses exogenous apsaragine required by cancer cells for DNA and protein synthesis |
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Term
| In what cell cycle phase are enzymes most active? What are the used for? |
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Definition
-most active in G1-cell phase
-used in canine lymphomas but can cause hypersensitivity in dogs |
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Term
| What is the MOA of tyrosine kinase inhibitors? |
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Definition
| -selectively inhibit tyrosine kinase activity in cells |
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Term
| What are a few examples of tyrosine kinase inhibitors? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are tyrosine kinase inhibitors used for? Side effects? |
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Definition
-canine mast cell tumor
-severe GIT symptoms like diarrhea or bleeding |
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Term
| What are the things to watch for with administration of tyrosine kinase inhibitors? |
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Definition
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Term
| Discuss combination therapy. |
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Definition
-drug with different MOA achieving additive effect against tumors
-may reduce incidences of drug resistance
-toxicities of combined drugs should not overlap |
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