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Exam 2
Tissues/Muscles
254
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
03/07/2014

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Term
4 Primary Tissues
Definition
Epithelial, Connective, Nervous, and Muscular
Term
Epithelial Tissue (definition)
Definition
composed of layers of closely spaced cells that cover organ surfaces, glands, and serve for protection, secretion, and absorption.
Term
Connective Tissue (definition)
Definition
*More matrix than cell volume
*support, bind together, and protect organs
Term
Nervous Tissue (definition)
Definition
Contains excitable cells specialized for rapid transmission of coded info to other cells
Term
Muscular Tissue (definition)
Definition
Composed of elongated, excitable cells specialized for contraction
Term
Any organ is going to have representatives of...
Definition
all 4 primary tissues.
Term
Structural Tissue
Definition
Bone supports and protects the body and allows muscles to produce movement.
Term
Physiological Tissue
Definition
Epithelial tissues lining digestive system allows the body to absorb nutrients from the foods we eat.
Term
Looking at tissue under the microscope (it contains)
Definition
Cells + extracellular matrix (extracellular material)
Term
Many tissues have both ___ and ___ function.
Definition
Structural and physiological
Term
What contains protein fibers, water, minerals, nutrients, and waste products?
Definition
Matrix
Term
On a microscope slide white, open space is what?
Definition
Some sort of opening.
Term
Skin, lining of digestive system, lining of lungs, lining of blood vessels are examples of what tissue?
Definition
Epithelial Tissue
Term
Function of the basement membrane?
Definition
Biological glue to hold cells to connective tissue underneath.
*creates a barrier between two different environments
*exposed to outside environment/inside of body
Term
Basement tissue is composed of?
Definition
collagen and variety of glycoproteins and proteoglycans.
Term
What tissue has a layer of tightly bound cells that are one or more layers thick?
Definition
epithelial tissues
Term
Squamous?
Definition
thin, flat cell shape
(fried-egg)
Term
Cuboidal?
Definition
square or round
(hard boiled egg)
Term
Columnar?
Definition
Tall and narrow
(columns)
Term
Function of squamous shape?
Definition
exchange of gases, nutrients, waste products
Term
Where would one find cuboidal cells?
Definition
Found lining the ducts of many glands
Term
Where are columnar shaped cells found?
Definition
Found in the lining of intestines with microvilli that increase surface area for absorption
Term
Simple cells have how many layers?
Definition
Single layer of cells
Term
Stratified contains how many layers?
Definition
few to many layers of cells on top of each other.
*only bottom layer bound to basement membrane
Term
Transitional
Definition
found in organs that stretch-cells expand
*bladder
Term
Pseudostratified columnar
Definition
All cells bound to cell membrane, but not all reach the surface.
Term
What organ have simple cuboidal cells covering the many tubes that make up the whole organ?
Definition
Kidney
Term
Dead cells are
Definition
keratinized with no nuclei
Term
Epithelial tissues are found where?
Definition
often found in lining, next to open spaces
Term
Connective tissue is composed of...
Definition
dense fibers, extracellular material, few cells
Term
Connection function of connective tissue
Definition
binds bones to muscles, bones to other bones, and keeps organs in place.
Term
Support function of connective tissue
Definition
bones help support weight of body, cartilage supports structures
Term
Protection function of connective tissue (physical)
Definition
delicate organs surrounded by bone and adipose tissue for protection
Term
Leukocytes are...
Definition
white blood cells
Term
Protection function of connective tissue (immune)
Definition
WBcells and lymphatic organs are connective that protect the body from invasion by bacteria and viruses
Term
movement function of connective cells
Definition
bones help body move with help of muscle,
Term
storage and heat production function of connective tissue
Definition
adipose tissue stores energy for later use and preserves/generate heat.
Term
transport function of connective tissue
Definition
blood transports gases, nutrients, waste products, hormones to parts of the body.
Term
all connective tissues have __, ___, and ___?
Definition
cells, protein fibers, and ground substance
Term
Fibrous connective tissue
Definition
ligaments and tendons contain fibrous CT
Term
Cartilage CT
Definition
rubbery CT supports nose and ears
*found between bones
*smooth, resistant to abrasion
Term
Bone CT
Definition
Rigid CT protects body organs, supports weight of body, helps produce movement
Term
Blood CT
Definition
fluid CT functions to transport materials throughout body and protect immune function through leukocytes (WBC)
Term
blast is another term for?
Definition
cell
Term
Leukocytes in fibrous connective tissue
Definition
monitors body for invasion and coordinates immune response
Term
lymphocytes produce ____?
Definition
antibodies
Term
What are antibodies?
Definition
proteins that recognize specific proteins on surface of invaders and "flag" them so macrophages can destroy them
Term
What are macrophages?
Definition
phagocytic cells that look for, engulf, and destroy bacteria and viruses
Term
Fibroblasts in Fibrous CT
Definition
large cells that produce the fibers and ground substance
Term
adipocytes in fibrous CT
Definition
fat cells designed to store large vacuoles of fat
Term
Collagenous fibers in CT
Definition
*made of protein called collagen
*strong and flexible
*major component of tendons and ligaments
Term
Reticular fibers in CT
Definition
*collagen fibers coated with glycoproteins
*inside several organs for structural support
Term
Elastic fibers in CT
Definition
*protein called elastin
*fibers can stretch and return to normal
*elasticity of skin and lung tissue
Term
Ground substance of fibrous CT
Definition
*fills space
*cushion and protect cells of CT
*negatively charged and attract Na+ and water
Term
Ground substance in fibrous CT is composed of...
Definition
large carbohydrates, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins
Term
Water always follows
Definition
Salt (Na+)
Term
Loose fibrous CT
Definition
more ground substance than fibers and cells (open space)
*areolar, reticular, adipose
Term
Areolar loose fibrous CT
Definition
randomly oriented fibers of collagen and elastin
Term
reticular loose fibrous CT
Definition
randomly oriented reticular fibers
Term
adipose loose fibrous CT
Definition
few fibers and many adipose cells filled with lipids
Term
Dense fibrous CT
Definition
more collagen fibers than ground substance and cells
Term
Dense regular fibrous CT
Definition
collagen fibers densely packed and parallel to each other
Term
Dense irregular fibrous CT
Definition
collagen fibers densely packed randomly
Term
Ctye is another word for...
Definition
cell
Term
Cartilage CT
Definition
flexible, rubbery CT with a supportive role
Term
Chondroblast
Definition
build cartilage
Term
chondrocytes
Definition
enclosed in collagen
Term
Hyaline cartilage CT
Definition
*clear, glassy appearance
*collagen fibers
Term
Where are hyaline cartilage fibers found?
Definition
Surround bone tissue
Term
Elastic cartilage CT
Definition
*contains elastin fibers
Term
Fibrocartilage CT
Definition
course, collagen bundles that absorb shock and resist compression
Term
Bone CT
Definition
covered by fibrous tissue known as periosteum
Term
Periosteum
Definition
anchor point for attachment of tendons and ligaments
Term
CT known as "bone"
Definition
osseous tissue
Term
Spongy bone osseous CT found...
Definition
head of bones; looks like a sponge
Term
Compact bone osseous CT
Definition
dense osseous tissue surrounds spongy bone
Term
Osteocytes (bone cells) live in...
Definition
lucunae
Term
Main function Haversian canal/central canal
Definition
blood vessels and nerves run the length of canal
Term
An osteon consists of...
Definition
central canal and rings of osteocytes
Term
Blood CT
Definition
transport many substances and important immune protection
Term
Plasma...
Definition
non-cellular ground substance
Term
formed elements of blood
Definition
cells and cell fragments
Term
Erythrocytes
Definition
red blood cells
Term
function of erythrocytes
Definition
(RBC)
*only cells in body without nucleus
*carrying 02 and CO2 between lungs and tissues
Term
Leukocytes
Definition
white blood cells
Term
platelets
Definition
important in blood clotting and directing new blood vessel growth
Term
blood consists of...
Definition
plasma, erythrocytes and leukocytes
Term
Erythrocytes shape?
Definition
round, faint center, no nucleus
Term
Leukocyte shape?
Definition
larger and have large nuclues
Term
Nervous Tissue and found where?
Definition
excitable tissue found in central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
Term
Action potential in nervous tissue
Definition
tissues receive and transmit electrical signals
Term
how are action potentials generated?
Definition
ions flow back and forth across cell membrane
Term
central nervous systems contain
Definition
brain and spinal cord
Term
peripheral nervous systems contain
Definition
all other nerves in our body
Term
neurons of nervous tissue
Definition
transport signals
Term
glial cells of NT
Definition
support cells and nourish and protect neurons
Term
some of the neuron
Definition
cell body
*round or oval shaped
Term
dendrites of neuron
Definition
short processes that receive signals
Term
Axon of neuron
Definition
large nerve fiber that send signals
Term
Muscle Tissue
Definition
contract when stimulated
Term
Skeletal muscle tisue
Definition
long cylindrical cells called muscle fibers
*actin and myosin fibers cause striations (light and dark bands)
Term
skeletal muscle voluntary muscle tissue
Definition
conscious control
Term
Cardiac muscle tissue
Definition
short, branched cells called cardiomyocytes
*striated
*nucleus surrounded by clear "halo"
Term
Intercalated disks found in cardiac muscle
Definition
*found in ends of each cell
*connections allow signals to travel from one myocyte to another
*involuntary
Term
smooth muscle
Definition
cells tapered at end
*NOT striated
*one nucleus per cell
*involuntary
Term
function of smooth muscle
Definition
dilation and constriction, contraction
Term
cell junction
Definition
allow nearby cells to communicaet, perfrom coordinated and come together to form a tissue
Term
Tight junction
Definition
form grooves and ridges to attach like a zipper
*no gaps
*most things can't pass between the cells
*epithelial
Term
Desmosomes
Definition
form a "patch" like a button or snap and provides a firm attachment between cells
*things can pass between cells
Term
Hemidesmosomes
Definition
attach cells to basement membrane
Term
Gap junctions
Definition
surface of cell form a pore called connexon and joins with connexon of an adjacent cell
*allows ions, nutrients, and cell signaling molecules to pass freely between cells
Term
Strength of tight junction, desmosome, and gap junction
Definition
act as barriers
very strong and resist stretching
weak
Term
endo = ___?
exo = _____?
Definition
in
out
Term
glands
Definition
produce a substance used by tissue or eliminated from the body
Term
endocrine gland
Definition
produce substance to be used by other cells or tissues within the body
*hormones enter the bloodstream
Term
exocrine glands
Definition
produce substance to leave the body or be deposited into the cavity of another organ
Term
glands are composed of what?
Definition
ducts and secretory cells
Term
simple ducts
Definition
do not branch
Term
compound ducts
Definition
numerous branches
Term
serous secretion
Definition
thin watery fluids
Term
mucous secretion
Definition
thick, stringy fluid
Term
Mixed secretion
Definition
serous and mucous secretions
Term
cytogenic secretions
Definition
secrete whole cells
*eggs and sperm
Term
merocrine mode of secretion
Definition
produce a substance and release it into duct through exocytosis
Term
holocrine mode of secretion
Definition
produce a substance and then rupture, releasing substance into ducts
Term
membranes
Definition
portion of an organ or tissue exposed to lumen or external surface of that organ
Term
membrane is composed of...
Definition
epithelial cell layer, basement membrane, and layer of CT
Term
synovial membranes secrete and to where....
Definition
synovial fluid to joints
Term
integumentary system =
Definition
skin
Term
integumentary composed of...
Definition
skin and accessory organs
Term
pale skin =
Definition
anemic
Term
excessive or lack of hair =
Definition
hormonal disorder
Term
ulcers on foot =
Definition
diabetes
Term
thickening or thinning of skin =
Definition
CT disorder
Term
edema (swelling) =
Definition
heart disease or vascular damage
Term
skin functions
Definition
protection, vitamin synthesis, thermoregulation, sensation, and social functions
Term
protection funciton of skin
Definition
resistant to injuries and great protection barrier
Term
keratinized epithelial cells function
Definition
resistant to injures
*great protection barrier
*keep water, chemicals, foreign invaders out
*waterproof
Term
synthesis function of skin
Definition
skin exposed to sun = synthesis of Vit D
Term
sensation function of skin
Definition
sensory organs tell us something too hot, too cold...
*protective and information processing
Term
Sensory cells
Definition
merkel cells
Term
thermoregulation function of skin
Definition
feedback loops that cause shivering, sweating ...
Term
social functions of skin
Definition
facial expressions and blushing
*non-verbal communication
Term
epidermis
Definition
upper layer of skin
*lacks blood vessels
Term
epidermis composed of...
Definition
stratified, squamous, keratinized epithelial cells, stem cells, and sensory cells
Term
5 types of cells found in epidermis
Definition
keratinocytes, stem cells, melonocytes, merkel cells, dendritic cells
Term
keratinocytes
Definition
synthesizing keratin
Term
stem cells
Definition
actively divide and give rise to cells that will become keratinocytes
Term
melanocytes
Definition
pigment cells produce the pigment melanin that gives skin color
Term
merkel cells
Definition
sensory cells responsible for sense of touch
Term
dendritic cells
Definition
specialized immune cells that monitor skin for invasion of bacteria
*security guards
Term
stratum corneum - epidermis
Definition
layers of dead, keratinized skin cells
Term
stratum lucidum - epidermis
Definition
found only in thick skin
Term
stratum granulosum - epidermis
Definition
granules of waterproofing substance
*cells undergo apoptosis (cell suicide)
Term
apoptosis
Definition
cell suicide
Term
stratum spinosum - epidermis
Definition
thickest layer
*desmosomes can be seen and make cells look "spiny"
Term
stratum basale - epidermis
Definition
lowest layer of epidermis
*attached to basement membrane
*divide and produce daughter cells
Term
Stratum basale shaped cells
Definition
cuboid or columnar and become squamous
Term
exfoliation
Definition
dead cells are shed or scraped off
Term
dandruff is...
Definition
clumped dead kerationocytes and subum (oil)
Term
dermis
Definition
CT under epidermis
Term
dermis contains..
Definition
CT, blood vessels, nerves, sweat glands, and hair follicles
Term
papillary layer of dermis
Definition
areolar CT --> loose arrangement of collagen fibers
Term
capillaries
Definition
small blood vessels
Term
dermal papillae
Definition
fingerlike projections of papillary layer
*give skin ridges and grooves
Term
reticular layer of dermis
Definition
thicker containing dense irregular CT and small pockets of adipose tissue
Term
dermis contains the only blood supply to the skin
Definition
health and function critical to epidermis
Term
meissner's corpsuscle
Definition
sensory receptor in dermis responsible for detecting light or delicate touch
Term
pacinian corpuscle
Definition
sensory receptors that detect deep pressure
Term
hypodermis
Definition
under dermis containing a great deal of adipose tissue
Term
function of hypodermis
Definition
binds skin to underlying muscle and tissue
Term
accessory organs of the integumentray system
Definition
hair, nails, glands
Term
hair
Definition
thin strains of dead keratinized cell that grow from hair follicles
Term
hair follicles are located...
Definition
in the dermis
Term
hair is located
Definition
on most surface of the skin
Term
Hair bulb
Definition
swelling at the base of the hair follicle, where hair originates
Term
hair root
Definition
anchored within hair follicle (dead cells)
Term
hair shaft
Definition
above the skin's surface
Term
hair follicle is attached....
Definition
to arrector pilli muscle
Term
arrector pilli function
Definition
draws root into vertical posisiton
Term
hair receptors
Definition
nerve fibers that detect movement of hair shaft
Term
apocrine sweat glands and sebaceous glands
Definition
ducts travel to hair follicle
Term
anagen
Definition
rapid growth
Term
catagen
Definition
slow growth
Term
telogen
Definition
eventually falling out
Term
alopecia
Definition
loss or thinning hair
Term
merocrine sweat gland
Definition
regular sweat glands
*secrete water
Term
sweat is slightly acidic
Definition
4-6 pH
Term
apocrine sweat glands
Definition
armpit, groin, and anal region
*flow into hair follicle
*BO
Term
pheromones
Definition
produce scent molecules
Term
sebaceous glands
Definition
oily secretion called sebum
*flask shaped and open to hair follicle
*natural moisturizer to prevent skin from drying out
Term
ceruminous gland
Definition
open directly to skin surface
*only found in outer ear canal
Term
cerumen and function
Definition
sebum and dead epithelial cells = earwax
*keeps eardrum pliable, waterproof, and inhibits bacterial growth
Term
1st degree burn
Definition
just epidermis
Term
2nd degree burn
Definition
epidermis and dermis
Term
3rd degree burn
Definition
damage to hypodermis
*FATAL
Term
malignant melanoma
Definition
cancer in melanocytes in stratum basale
Term
non melanoma skin cancer
Definition
basal cell carcinoma: cancer of cuboidal cells
squamous cell carcinoma: cancer of keratinocytes of stratum spinosum
Term
basal cell carcinoma
Definition
most common form of skin cancer
*rounded, raided bump on exposed skin
*high survival rate with surgical removal of tissue/radiation therapy
Term
squamous cell carconma
Definition
squamous cells in stratum spinosum
*sun-exposed skin red, scaly ulcer
*lethal if left unchecked
Term
malignant melanoma
Definition
melanocytes in stratum basale
*most lethal of all skin cancers
*originates in moles
*very curable through surgery
Term
wide excision surgery
Definition
epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis are removed in a 2cm radius around melanoma. the dermis and hypodermis removed from an addition 2-3cm and then sown up.
Term
ABCD of melanoma detection
Definition
A: asymmetry
B: border irregularity
C: color
D: diameter great than 6 mm
Term
regeneration
Definition
replacement of damaged cells with same cells
*scrapes and cuts
Term
fibrosis/repair
Definition
formation of clot or scab
*deep cuts
*repair epidermis, CT, blood vessels of dermis
Term
fibrin
Definition
blood protein polymerizes and forms meshwork creating clot
Term
remodeling
Definition
epithelial cells proliferate and help repair epidermis
*can take many weeks
Term
movement muscle function
Definition
force to move bones and body contents
Term
stability muscle function
Definition
resists force of gravity and help stabilize joints; posture
Term
communication muscle function
Definition
speaking, writing, facial expression
Term
control of body openings muscle function
Definition
sphincter muscles control openings of eyes, mouth, digestive system, urethra, anus
Term
heat production muscle function
Definition
generate a lot of heat when contracting muscles which keep body around 98.6 degrees -- important for enzyme function
Term
muscle fibers
Definition
muscle is made up of 1,000s of muscle fibers that work together to generate force
Term
what tissue does muscle contain?
Definition
connective tissue which keep fibers organized and allows attachment
Term
endomysium
Definition
areolar CT that surround each muscle fiber
Term
fascicles
Definition
muscle fibers are grouped together in bundles
Term
perimysium
Definition
thicker CT surrounds each fasicle
Term
epimysium
Definition
thicker CT surrounds the entire muscle
*keep fascicles bundled together
Term
fascia
Definition
CT surrounds and separates muscles from other tissues
Term
deep fascia
Definition
separates layers of muscles from one another
Term
superficial fascia
Definition
adipose tissue and separates muscles form overlying skin
Term
direct attachment of muscle to bone
Definition
CT fuses directly with the periosteum of the bone
Term
indirect attachment of muscle to bone
Definition
epimysium and deep facia transition into a tendon which inserts into the periosteum of a bone
*physical gap between muscle and bone
Term
aponeurosis attachment of muscle to bone
Definition
broad, sheet-like tendon that fuses muscle to bone
Term
origin of muscle
Definition
stationary attachment point of a muscle to bone
*bone doesn't move when muscle is contracted
Term
insertion of muscle
Definition
movable attachment point of muscle to bone
*bone moves when muscle moves
Term
what produces movement at a joint?
Definition
two or more muscles acting together or against each other
Term
agonist
Definition
produces the most force during a particular movement
Term
synergist
Definition
aid the agonist in producing a given movement
Term
antagonist
Definition
muscle that opposes the agonist
*creates movement in joint in opposite direction
Term
fixator
Definition
muscle that prevents movement of a bone
Term
intrinsic muscles
Definition
origin and insertion at the same region
Term
extrinsic muscles
Definition
origin and insertion in different regions
Term
Which muscles are voluntary and involuntary?
Definition
skeletal muscle
smooth and cardiac
Term
satellite cells
Definition
undifferentiated myoblasts exist in adults
Term
muscle fibers have several nuclie from..
Definition
fusion of several myoblasts
Term
sarcolemma in muscle fibers
Definition
plasma membrane
Term
sarcoplasm in muscle fiber
Definition
cytoplasm
Term
sarcoplamsic reticulum
Definition
ER
Term
majority of space in a cell is occupied by
Definition
protein filaments
Term
bundles of filaments
Definition
myofilaments
Term
terminal cisternae
Definition
dilations of the SR
Term
transverse tubules
Definition
t-tubes
*small tubes
Term
triad
Definition
two terminal cisternae
Term
t tube function
Definition
carry electrical signals to interior of cell and triggers release of CA2 from SR and terminal cisternae = needed for contraction
Term
myofibril
Definition
bundle of long, parallel myofilaments
Term
thick filaments
Definition
hundreds of protein molecules --> myosin
*like barbed wire
Term
thin filaments
Definition
long winding strands of actin
*active site that opens with tropomysosin and troponin
Term
elastic filaments
Definition
smallest of the filaments made up of with titin
*stetchy that anchors the thick filaments
Term
contractile proteins
Definition
myosin and actin
*responsible for actual shortening of muscle fiber
Term
regulatory proteins
Definition
tropmyosin and troponin regulate when and if a muscle cell will contract
Term
dystrophin
Definition
huge protein anchors actin filaments to endomysium
Term
muscular dystrophy
Definition
loss of skeletal muscle function
Term
z disk
Definition
large protein attached to sarcolemma
*translate contraction of myofibrils to contraction of muscle fibers
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