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Exam 2
Lecture 1
95
Anatomy
1st Grade
02/07/2013

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Term
what membrane do the sperm bind to on the ovum?
Definition
zone pellucida
Term
what degrades the zone pelluicda?
Definition
enzymes from the acrosomal cap
Term
what prevents more than 1 sperm from fusing with ovum?
Definition
binding changes memrbrane potential
Term
what part of the sperm gives the paternal DNA?
Definition
head/ pronucleus
Term
how mnay chromosomes are in the zygote/fertilized ovum?
Definition
46
Term
where does fertilization occur?
Definition
ampulla of uterine tube
Term
what is fertilization?
Definition
combo of two haploid gametes to make a zygote
Term
what is cleavage?
where does it occur?
Definition
cell divisions postfertilization that forms pre-embryo blastocyte;
in uterine tube
Term
what is are blastomeres?
Definition
identical cells made from cleavage
Term
the first cell diviison of cleavage takes how many hours?
Definition
30
Term
how long does it take a zygot to reach the uterus?
what transports it?
Definition
3-5 days
ciliated cells in uterien tube
Term
what is the sperm/egg combo that actually enters the uterus?
Definition
blastocyst
Term
how long does it take for the blastocyst to implant?
Definition
1-2 days
Term
how does the implanted blastocyst get nutrients? also called?
Definition
endometrial secretions
uterine milk
Term
how does the blastocyst establish a line with the maternal blood?
Definition
invades the endometrium of uterus
Term
what erodes the endometrium so the blastocyst can implant?
Definition
trophoblast
Term
what develops in the placenta?
Definition
trophoblasts
Term
what is the time length you can call the growing zygote an embryo?
Definition
2-8 weeks
Term
progesterone converts endometrial cells into what to privde nutrients?
Definition
decidual cells
Term
what do trophoblasts deigst to relase nutrients for embryo?
Definition
decidual
Term
what secretes hCG? -2
Definition
tropholast
placenta
Term
what forms the chorion?
what does this fill up with?
Definition
trophoblasts
maternal blood
Term
what cavity surrounds the embryo
Definition
amnionic
Term
what hormone is tested for in preggo tests?
Definition
hCG
Term
during what weeks are most of the organs formed?
Definition
3-8
Term
when do the major morphologic deformaties occur?
Definition
3-8 weeks
Term
when does cellular devlopment occur?
Definition
throughout gestation and into neonate
Term
when does the fetus gain the most weight?
Definition
last trimester- it doubles
Term
chorionic vili contain what type of blood- maternal or fetal?
Definition
fetal
Term
what part of the placenta is surrounded by sinus with maternal blood?
Definition
chorinoic vili
Term
what arteries supply the fetal blood supply?
Definition
umbillical
Term
what arteries supply the maternal blood flow?
Definition
uterine
Term
transfer btwn fetal and maternal circulation occurs where?
Definition
placenta
Term
what seperates the fetal and maternal circulation -2
Definition
placental trophoblasts
fetal capillary wall
Term
what are the 4 functions of the placenta?
Definition
solute transfer
nutrients
gets rid of waste
synth hormones
Term
what hormone does hCG stimualte synth of?
Definition
progesterone
Term
when does hCG porudction begin?
Definition
implantation
Term
2nd and 3rd trimesters the placenta release what hormones? -4
Definition
progesterone, estrogen, HPL, relaxin
Term
when is highest rate of miscarriage?
why?
Definition
1st trimester
hCG amount is specific
Term
what hormones has a 30x increase in preggo?
Definition
estrogen
Term
does estrogen affect primarily fetal or maternal? what does it affect?
Definition
maternal
growth/proliferatoin
Term
what hromones is a 10x increase in preggo?
Definition
progesterone
Term
what are the 3 functions of progesterone during preggo?
Definition
deicdual cells
prevent contractions and slough of endometrium
prepare breast for lactation
Term
Labor and partruition is driven by what hormone?
Definition
oxytocin
Term
what kidn of feedback loops does oxytocin have?
Definition
positive
Term
what increases serum oxytocin?
Definition
dilation of cervix and contracitons
Term
what are the 4 PReggo problems of the GI?
which is most common?
Definition
N/V
constipation
hemorrhoids
GI reflux;
N/
Term
what is hyperemesis gravidarum?
Definition
so muhc vomitting during preggo that cna lose 5% of body weight (think princess Kate)
Term
what hormone promotes serum glucose/FFA for preggo?
Definition
lactogen
Term
do gestaional diabetes need more or less insulin
Definition
more
Term
what is eclampsia?
Definition
preeclampsia with siezures
Term
what BP is gestional diabetes
Definition
>140/90
Term
preeclampsia BP rises when during pregnancy?
Definition
last months
Term
what does preeclampsia come from?
Definition
abnormal placentation
Term
most affected organs from the dysfucntion of vascualr endothelium in preeclampsia are? -3
Definition
liver, kidney, heart
Term
what supplement to do you give to preggo to reduce preecmaplsia ?
Definition
Ca
Term
what is HELP and how do you get it?
Definition
hemolysis, elevated liver, low platelet;
preeclampsia
Term
what may need to be done if eclampsia occurs?
Definition
emergency c section
Term
what therapy is given as anticonvulsant for preeclampsia during labor?
Definition
magnesium sulfate
Term
what hromones is simialr to TSH? what can this do?
Definition
hCG
timulate thyroid
Term
what are the symptoms of gestional thyrotoxiosis?
Definition
asymptomatic (may be vomitting)
Term
what med can be given for symptom releif of thyroiditis?
Definition
beta blocker
Term
when does thyoriditis occur?
Definition
1-4 months after preggo
Term
preggnancy increases r odedcrases coagulatin?
this means what?
Definition
increase
increase in thromboemblism risk
Term
what do you give a preggo pateint to prevent thomobemoblism?
Definition
LMWH or unfracitoned heparin
Term
what anticoag drug is never used in preggo?
Definition
warfarin
Term
when do neuronal defects occur?
Definition
20-28th day of preggo
Term
what vitamin plays a role in neuronal tube defects?
Definition
B12- folic acid
Term
most common forms of neuronal tube defects are-2
Definition
anencephaly
spina bifida
Term
what is the name of therapy to delay delivery?
what are the meds?-4
Definition
tocolytic;
beta blockers
magnesium sulfate
CCBs
NSAIDs
Term
in preggo what happen to gastric pH
Definition
increases
Term
what hromones affect the metabolism enzymes in the liver?
Definition
progestreone and estrogen
Term
drugs pass to fetus through _ by what?
Definition
placenta;
diffusion
Term
factor for trnasfer of drug:
MW?
Lipid solubility?
protein binding?
drug charge?
Definition
<500 is easy, >1000 no
lipohillic pass easier
maternal albumin decreas,e fetal increase- so more bound drugs in fetus
neutral or weak base
Term
why are corticosteroid given to mom?
Definition
increase lung maturaiton of fetus
Term
why are antiarrthymics given to mom?
Definition
treat fetal arrthymias
Term
what 3 meds are given to mom to help fetus?
Definition
corticosteroids
antiretroviral
antiarrthymias
Term
For prep of breasts what does estrogen promote? -2
Definition
deposite of fat
ductal growth
Term
what does progestroen do for prepping breasts -3
Definition
gorwth of lobules
budding aveoli
secretory of aveoli
Term
what hormoens promotes milk produciton
Definition
prolactin
Term
during preggo what 2 hormoes prevent milk production?
if something is produced what is is called?
Definition
estorgen an dprogesterone;
colostrum
Term
what does colostrum have in it?
Definition
antibody, macrophages, lymphocytes
Term
nursing causes what?
Definition
positive feedback on hypothalamus for prolactin
Term
what promotes milk ejection from mammary gland?
what stimulates its release?
Definition
oxytocin
suckling
Term
what gland increases due to milk production?
what does this do to maternal bones?
Definition
parathyroid
decalcification
Term
what two immunoglobulins are passed to fetus? how?
Definition
IgA- milk
IgG- placenta
Term
what is the easlierst mammory secreiton after birth?
Definition
colostrum
Term
during first 3 days post labor how are the aveolar epithelial cells?
Definition
large gap
Term
when is the aveolar endotheial leaky?
Definition
colostum period (3 days after labor)
Term
what does prolactin dot the epitheial cells?
Definition
proliferate to fill in gaps
Term
when considering infant oral bioavailability - med with what bioavail do you choose?
Definition
low oral bio available
Term
selection of safe drugs for infants:
half life ?
protein binding?
oral bioavilability
lipid solubility?
Definition
short
high
low
low
Term
what is mastitis?
what are the symptoms?
Definition
inflammation of breast;
flu like
Term
what is the most common caus eof infectious mastitis?
Definition
Staph aureus
Term
when do you have masittis?
Definition
3 mo after preggo
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