Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Exam 2
Osteoperosis, Heart, Vascular, NMS
96
Anatomy
Professional
02/06/2013

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
1.     _____ is a disorder characterized by abnormal rarefaction of bone, occurring most frequently in post-menopausal women, in sedentary or immobilized individuals, and in patients on long term steroid use.
Definition
OSTEOPOROSIS
Term
2.     _____ is a protein matrix found in bone that a chiropractor can give to osteoporotic patients.
Definition
MCHC
Term
3.     7 non-changeable risk factors for the development of osteoporosis.
Definition
1) FAMILY HISTORY OF OSTEOPOROSIS, 2) WHITE OR ASIAN FEMALES, 3) POST-MENOPAUSAL, 4) HYSTERECTOMY, 5) INADEQUATE CALCIUM INTAKE, 6) EXCESS PROTEIN IN DIET, 7) SEDENTARY EXERCISE
Term
4.     Why are post-menopausal women at risk of developing osteoporosis?
Definition
DUE TO DECREASED ESTROGEN LEVELS
Term
5.     Why does a hysterectomy increase ones chances of developing osteoporosis?
Definition
BECAUSE OVARIES PRODUCE MOST OF ONES ESTOGEN
Term
6.     When one has a hysterectomy they must receive _____ therapy.
Definition
ESTROGEN
Term
7.     3 s/s that a women needs estrogen.
Definition
1) HOT FLASHES, 2) MOOD SWINGS, 3) VAGINAL DRYNESS
Term
8.     10 changeable risk factors for the development of osteoporosis.
Definition
1) SMOKING, 2) EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL, 3) HIGH CAFFEINE INTAKE, 4) LONG-TERM GLUCOCORTICOID THERAPY, 5) LONG TERM ANTI-CONVULSANTS, 8) HYPERPARATHYROIDISM, 9)CUSHINGS, 10) TYPE 1 DIABETES
Term
9.     _____ is a s/s in women that they are getting too much estrogen.
Definition
TENDER BREASTS/NIPPLES
Term
10.  Why is long-term corticosteroid use bad?
Definition
IT SHUTS DOWN INFLAMMATION DECREASING HEALING
Term
11.  When one receives hormone replacement therapy, it increases cancer risks by _____%.
Definition
5.00000%
Term
12.  Osteoporosis loves to target these 6 places in the body.
Definition
1) HUMERAL HEAD, 2) T/L SPINE, 3) ISCHIUM, 4) FEMORAL HEAD, 5) KNEE, 6) RADIUS
Term
13.  Osteoporotic compression fractures may not be _____.
Definition
PAINFUL
Term
14.  A _____ will occur on the superior vertebral endplate indicating a compression fracture has occurred.
Definition
STEP-DEFECT
Term
15.  _____% of bone loss must occur to see radioluciencies on x-ray.
Definition
35-40%
Term
16.  8 osteoporosis preventative measures.
Definition
1) GET ADEQUATE CALCIUM, 2) GET ADEQUATE EXERCISE, 3) AVOID TOBACCO AND ALCOHOL, 4) AVOID EXCESS CAFFEINE, 5) BE AWARE OF HIGH RISK MEDS, 6) CONSIDER ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT, 7) KNOW YOUR RISK FACTORS, 8) SCREENING BONE DENSITY TESTING
Term
17.  _____ is the best screening test for osteoporosis.
Definition
DEXA SCAN
Term
18.  6 assessment tools for osteoporosis.
Definition
1) CONVENTIONAL RADIOGRAPHY, 2) PHOTODENSITOMETRY, 3) DEXA, 4) QTC, 5) BONE SONOMETRY, 6) SINGLE-PHOTON ABSORPTIONETRY
Term
19.  This assessment tool for osteoporosis requires the absorption of photons passed through bone from a collimated radioactive source.
Definition
SINGLE PHOTON ABSORPTIOMETRY
Term
20.  Single photon absorptiometry results varies _____ with mineral density of bone.
Definition
INVERSELY
Term
21.  Single-photon absorptiometry is best done on this body part.
Definition
WRIST
Term
22.  A DEXA scan of the _____ is the most accurate measurement for osteoporosis.
Definition
SPINE
Term
23.  When reading a bone density report a _____ is the normal value of a healthy person.
Definition
T-SCORE
Term
24.  When reading a bone density report a _____ is what we would expect to be normal in a patient that age.
Definition
Z-SCORE
Term
25.  _____ is a value for bone mineral density (BMD), or bone mineral content (BMC) within 1 standard deviation (SD) of the young adult reference mean.
Definition
NORMAL
Term
26.  _____ is a value of BMD or BMC more than 1 standard deviation below the young adult mean, but less than 2.5 SD.
Definition
LOW BONE MASS (OSTEOPENIA)
Term
27.  _____ is a value for BMD or BMC 2.5 SD or more below the young adult mean.
Definition
OSTEOPOROSIS
Term
28.  _____ is a value for BMD or BMC more than 2.5 SD below the young adult mean in the presence of one or more fragility fractures.
Definition
SEVERE OSTEOPOROSIS
Term
29.  This is the best calcium to give to a patient with osteoporosis because it is the best calcium to absorb.
Definition
CALCIUM CITRATE
Term
30.  This is a BAD calcium to give to an osteoporotic patient because it is hard to absorb.
Definition
CALCIUM CARBONATE
Term
31.  A doctor must be careful when prescribing these 5 treatment protocols.
Definition
1) CALCIUM CARBONATE, 2) ESTROGEN, 3) FOSAMAX (BISPHOSPHATE), 4) MIACALCIN SPRAY, 5) FLOURIDE
Term
32.  Why should a chiropractor worry when prescribing Fosamax (biphosphate)?
Definition
IT DEPOSITS IN BONE PERMINANTLY AND BUILDS INFERIOR BONE
Term
33.  These 6 supplements should be prescribed to a patient with osteoporosis.
Definition
1) CALCIUM CITRATE, 2) VITAMIN D, 3) MCHC, 4) ISOFLAVONES, 5) TRACE MINERALS, 6) ANTIOXIDANTS, 7) GLUCOSAMINE SULFATE
Term
34.  _____ is a single supplement that contains all the correct nutrition for a patient with osteoporosis.
Definition
BONE SUPPORT
Term
35.  These 4 life-style changes should be made in a patient with osteoporosis.
Definition
1) EXERCISE, 2) DIET, 3) REDUCTION OF RISK FACTORS, 4) VIBRATION PLATES
Term
36.  These are 3 high risk areas chiro’s must worry about when adjusting an osteoporotic patient.
Definition
1) RIBS, 2) MID-BACK, 3) HIP
Term
37.  _____ is a compression fracture surgical procedure that involves the injection of acrylic bone cement into the collapsed vertebral body. The goal of the procedure is pain relief and bone and spinal strengthening.
Definition
PERCUTANEOUS VERTEBROPLASTY
Term
38.  4 indications of treatment for percutaneous vertebroplasty.
Definition
1) PAINFUL OSTEOPOROTIC FRACTURES, 2) PAINFUL METASTASES AND MULTIPLE MYELOMA, 3) PAINFUL VERTEBRAL HEMANGIOMA, 4) PAINFULL FX WITH OSTEONECROSIS
Term
39.  3 risks of receiving percutaneous vertebroplasty.
Definition
1) RISK OF BONE CEMENT LEAK, 2) SPINAL DEFORMITIES, 3) NOT DESIGNED TO REPOSITION BONE
Term
40.  Vascular changes commonly observed with aging may aggravate several disease processes that may present as _____.
Definition
LEG ABNORMALITIES
Term
41.  5 common complaints of an older person with vascular changes.
Definition
1) LEG PAIN, 2) LEG OR ARM EDEMA, 3) PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE, 4) SKIN DISCOLORATION, 5) ULCERATIONS
Term
42.  The incidence of both _____ and _____ cardiovascular problems increase with aging.
Definition
HYPERTENSION AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Term
43.  Many studies have revealed that aging is associated with marked _____ and _____ changes of the blood vessel wall.
Definition
STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL
Term
44.  If a chiro believes a patient may have had a heart attack, but the patient does not have a lot of risk factors or a previous history of heart conditions, send them to a lab at the hospital to get a _____.
Definition
BLOOD TEST (CPK, LDH, ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE)
Term
45.  Vascular tone and peripheral vascular resistance are determined by _____ that contract and relax in response to neurotransmitters and circulating hormones.
Definition
VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS
Term
46.  _____ takes part in the local regulation of vascular tone by releasing relaxing and contracting factors. These normal changes may offer an explanation for the various vascular symptoms including pain, cramps, swelling, and skin changes observed in the older patient.
Definition
ENDOTHELIUM
Term
47.  This is the good cholesterol.
Definition
HDL
Term
48.  This is bad cholesterol.
Definition
LDL
Term
49.  Levels of LDL should not exceed _____.
Definition
110
Term
50.  Arterial wall stiffness _____ and arterial compliance _____ with age. This can happen independent of arterial pressure and may actually explain why systolic hypertension is a common disorder in the older person.
Definition
INCREASES; DECREASES
Term
51.  Systolic blood pressure _____ with aging even in the absence of clinical hypertension.
Definition
INCREASES
Term
52.  Aging blood vessels have greater _____ and _____ which may help in compensating for decreased blood flow.
Definition
LUMEN DIAMETER AND WALL THICKNESS
Term
53.  _____ occurs due to the accumulation of collagen, smooth muscle cells, and mononuclear macrophage like cells.
Definition
SUBENDOTHELIAL SPACE THICKENING
Term
54.  Medial collagen content also _____, and medial smooth muscle and elastin content _____ with age. These microscopic changes can compromise tissue perfusion leading to leg discomfort, skin discoloration, and skin ulceration.
Definition
INCREASE; DECREASE
Term
55.  _____ cells that are normally elongated in the direction of blood flow become more rounded, flattened, and increase in volume leading to increased thickness. These changes can further retard blood flow leading to vascular insufficiency.
Definition
ENDOTHELIAL CELLS
Term
56.  The development of atherosclerosis may occur when deposits of cholesterol and plaque accumulate at a _____ of an artery.
Definition
TEAR IN THE INNER LINING
Term
57.  As the deposits harden and occlude the arterial lumen, blood flow to distant tissues decreases, and a clot may become lodged completely _____.
Definition
BLOCKING THE ARTERY
Term
58.  7 causes of tears in arterial walls.
Definition
1) SEDINTARY LIFESTYLE, 2) UNCONTROLLED HYPERTENSION, 3) SMOKING, 4) DIABETES, 5) POOR DIET, 6) LACK OF ANTIOXIDANTS, 7) STRESS
Term
59.  2 lab tests to determine inflammation in blood vessel lumen.
Definition
1) HEART SENSITIVE CRP , 2) HOMOCYSTEINE
Term
60.  There is a decrease in _____ mediated relaxation in vasculature with aging. This may be the reason why a beta blocker may not always be an effective agent to lower blood pressure.
Definition
BETA-ANDRENERGIC RECEPTOR
Term
61.  _____ contraction in vascular smooth muscle appears to be unchanged with aging, so their blocking drugs are still effective and very useful for isolated systolic hypertension.
Definition
ALPHA-ANDERNERGIC
Term
62.  The release of _____ decreases with aging. These changes can augment vascular insufficiency and may be the basis for the progression of vascular disease.
Definition
NITRIC OXIDE
Term
63.  Levels of _____ produced by vessel walls progressively decrease with increasing age. This can conveniently aggravate peripheral vascular disease and is the reason why aspirin may improve blood flow.
Definition
PROSTACYCLIN
Term
64.  Endothelin potentiates contraction induced by _____ which may contribute to exacerbation of vascular symptoms in situations of sympathetic overdrive as seen in stress in the older person.
Definition
NOREPINEPHRINE
Term
65.  With a diet high in _____, monocytes adhere to the endothelium at the endothelial junctions migrating into the subendothelium, where they accumulate lipid and become foam cells.
Definition
CHOLESTEROL
Term
66.  _____ which is the thickening and hardening of arterial walls, is an age related disorder that is responsible for the majority of deaths and is by far the leading cause of death in the US in people over 65.
Definition
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Term
67.  Atherosclerosis shows no symptoms until a _____ occurs.
Definition
COMPLICATION
Term
68.  Which arteries are most commonly affected by atherosclerosis?
Definition
CORONARY ARTERIES
Term
69.  _____ is a waxy, fat like material that is found in all parts of the body.
Definition
CHOLESTEROL
Term
70.  2 places where cholesterol comes from.
Definition
1) PRODUCTION IN THE LIVER, 2) CONSUMED IN FOOD
Term
71.  _____ is an arterial condition in the elderly that commonly presents as claudication, which may limit their walking distance and activities.
Definition
PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE
Term
72.  4 clinical presentations of an acute arterial occlusion.
Definition
1) PALLOR, 2) PARESTHESIA, 3) PULSELESSNESS, 4) PARALYSIS
Term
73.  _____ is commonly prescribed to improve blood flow during an acute arterial occlusion. It works through its anti-platelet aggregation mechanism, leading to increase tissue perfusion.
Definition
ASPIRIN
Term
74.  What is the most common cause of AAA?
Definition
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Term
75.  What is the best test to order to confirm a AAA?
Definition
ABDOMINAL ULTRASOUND
Term
76.  _____ is an aneurysm in an extremity where a weak area of a blood vessel expands or bulges significantly.
Definition
PERIPHERAL ANEURYSM
Term
77.  _____ are localized dilation of an artery involving all 3 layers of the vessel. They are usually atherosclerotic and increase in size with aging.
Definition
ARTERIAL ANEURYSM
Term
78.  _____ is the most common aneurysm found in the elderly.
Definition
AAA
Term
79.  _____ is recommended with an AAA is associated with symptoms when the diameter is 5cm or greater, or when there is a rapid increase in diameter (0.5cm within 3 months).
Definition
ANEURYSM RESECTION
Term
80.  Dilated veins on lower legs, aching of legs worsening with prolonged standing, and leg edema are the most common presenting symptoms of _____.
Definition
VARICOSE VEINS (SUPERFICIAL VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY)
Term
81.  _____% of an individuals health after the age of 40 is dependent upon what the person has done to his or her genes, not the genes themselves.
Definition
75.00000%
Term
82.  4 heart disorder risk factors you can’t change.
Definition
1) AGE, 2) RACE, 3) GENDER, 4) GEREDITY
Term
83.  6 heart disorder risk factors you can change.
Definition
1) HIGH CHOLESTEROL, 2) HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE, 3) SMOKING, 4) OBESITY, 5) INACTIVITY, 6) STRESS
Term
84.  When should you talk to a patient about reducing cardiovascular risk factors?
Definition
AFTER TREATING THEIR CC, WHEN THE PATIENT IS COMPLIANT
Term
85.  A doctor should consider checking _____ and _____ if a patient has high risk for heart disease.
Definition
HOMOCYSTEINE AND CRP
Term
86.  D.D. Palmer recommended adjusting _____ for heart trouble.
Definition
T-4
Term
87.  If a patient has a fast heart, the chiro should adjust _____ to stimulate the parasympathetics and vagus to slow the rhythm of the heart.
Definition
UPPER CERVICALS
Term
88.  If a patient has a slow heart, the chiro should adjust _____ to stimulate the sympathetics to increase heart rate and contraction power.
Definition
C-2 TO T-5
Term
89.  6 s/s of a patient with coronary heart disease.
Definition
1) CLAUDICATION, 2) SOB, 3) CHEST PAIN, 4) HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA, 5) + CRP, 6) HIGH RISK FACTORS
Term
90.  8 exam findings of a patient with coronary heart disease.
Definition
1) ELEVATED LIPIDS, 2) HYPERTENSION, 3) OBESITY, 4) T WAVE INVERSION ON EKG, 5) STRESS INCREASE, 6) ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, 7) ANGIOGRAPHY
Term
91.  Thee 6 labs should be ordered for a patient with coronary heart disease.
Definition
1) CARDIAC ENZYMES, 2) LIPIDS, 3) HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA, 4) CRP, 5) GLUCOSE, 6) URIC ACID
Term
92.  12 nutrition recommendations for a patient with coronary heart disease.
Definition
1) VITAMIN E, 2) CO-Q-10, 3) OMEGA-3, 4) POLICOSANOL, 5) NIACIN, 6) RED RICE YEAST, 7) GARLIC, 8) FOLIC ACID, 9) GUGGUL, 10) HAWTHORN, 11) GINKO BILOBA, 12) WATER SOLUBLE FIBER
Term
93.  Where should you adjust for a patient with a murmur or arrhythmia?
Definition
UPPER CERVICALS AND PELVIS
Term
94.  4 nutrition recommendations for a patient with a murmur or arrhythmia.
Definition
1) VITAMIN E, 2) B COMPLEX, 3) CO Q-10, 4) MAGNESIUM
Term
95.  Every patient that takes an antibiotic must take a _____ to regenerate normal gut flora.
Definition
PROBIOTIC SUPPLEMENT
Term
96.  30% of patients taking statin drugs will develop _____.
Definition
SOFT TISSUE INFLAMMATION
Supporting users have an ad free experience!