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Exam 2
n/a
59
Anatomy
Graduate
11/10/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

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Term
1. What sciences contribute to the study of Kinesiology?
Definition
anatomy and mechanics

mechanics= statics, dynamics/kinematics, kinetics
Term
2.Define mechanics
Definition
The study of forces and motion.
When applied to the human body it is referred to as biomechanics.
Term
3. What type of applied force is used during joint approximation?
Definition
Compression and tension
Term
4. When someone stops a car quickly and the seatbelt provides a passive force that stops the driver’s body from moving forward. This demonstrates which of Newton’s laws?
Definition
Newton's First Law - Law of inertia
Term
5. What is the most common class of levers in human body? Explain why?
Definition
Third Class Levers
They are force reducers
Permit speed or movement of a small weight for a long distance.
effort force is greater than the resistance or load.
Term
6. If the axis of the joint is considered a fulcrum, what is the lever?
Definition
the lever is the long bone doing the movement

a lever can be any rigid object.
Term
7. Give an example of a first class lever.
Definition
seesaw
crowbar
pliers/scissors (double)
Term
7. Give an example of a second class lever.
Definition
wheelbarrow
nail clippers (the handle)
nutcracker
faucet
Term
7. Give an example of a third class lever.
Definition
broom
fishing pole
tweezers
chopsticks
catapult
Term
7. Example of exercises for class 1, 2 and 3 levers.
Definition
Class 1- seated dumbell triceps extension
Class 2- Standing heel lift
Class 3- seated bicep curl
Term
1. What are the muscles of the rotator cuff?
Definition
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Subscapularis
Term
2. What are the bony structures of the shoulder complex, which can be palpated and which cannot be palpated?
Definition
Clavicle, humerus, sternum, scapula, ribs and vertebral column. (pg 97)

Only structures that are difficult to palpate include:
supraspinous fossa
subscapular fossa
xiphisternum (of sternum)
Refer to pages 97-100 for more details
Term
3. What bone acts to increase the mobility of the glenohumeral joint to permit reaching and climbing activities?
Definition
the clavicle

-helps to hold scapula in proper abduction
-rotates in abduction
Term
4. What glenohumeral motion occurs in the frontal plane?
Definition
abduction and adduction
Term
5. List the primary muscles for flexion at the glenohumeral joint
Definition
anterior deltoid,
pectoralis major (clavicular portion)
coracobrachialis
biceps brachii
Term
5. List the primary muscles for extension at the glenohumeral joint
Definition
Deltoid (posterior fibers)
latissimus dorsi
pectoralis major (sternocostal fibers)
teres major
long head of triceps brachii
Term
5. List the primary muscles for internal rotation at the glenohumeral joint.
Definition
subscapularis
pectoralis major
latissimus dorsi
clavicular fibers of deltoid
Term
5. List the primary muscles for external rotation at the glenohumeral joint.
Definition
infraspinatus
teres minor
post. fibers of deltoid
Term
6. Name the factors that contribute to the large range of motion at the shoulder complex.
Definition
the location of the head of the humerus in the glenoid (pg 101)

ball and socket joint

freely movable synovial joint - 3 degrees of freedom

inferior and superior gliding (pg 103)
Term
7. During abduction at the glenohumeral joint, what is the primary movement of the scapula?
Definition
upward rotation
Term
8. List the factors that contribute to the stability of the glenohumeral joint
Definition
- Adequate size of glenoid fossa
- Posterior tilt of glenoid fossa
- Humeral head retroversion
- Intact capsule and glenoid labrum
- Function of muscles that control the anteroposterior position of the humeral head
Term
9. What is the function of the long and short head of the biceps during glenohumeral abduction and external rotation?
Definition
anterior stabilizers (pg 110)
Term
10. Define scapulohumeral rhythm.
Definition
movement of the scapula across the thoracic cage in relation to the humerus.

Describes the timing of movement at the joints during shoulder elevation.
Term
11. List the ligaments that stabilize the acromioclavicular joint.
Definition
· Coracoacromial ligament
· Coracoclavicular ligament
· Acromioclavicular ligament
Term
12. Describe the capsular pattern of the glenohumeral joint
Definition
external rotation, internal rotation, abduction
Term
1.What muscles act to supinate the forearm at the humeroradial joint?
Definition
Biceps brachi
Supinator
bracihioradialis
Term
2. What protects the elbow against varus stress?
Definition
aconeus muscle

-covers joint capsule and collateral ligaments on lateral side
Term
3. What is the most common substitution for lack of pronation of the forearm?
Definition
Abduction- when elbow is flexed

Internal rotation is also a possibility when forearm is extended
Term
4. Define the carrying angle of the elbow.
Definition
The valgus (outward) position of the elbow and forearm in full extension.

The axis of the humerulnar joint is directed in a downward and medial direction due to the outward protusion of trochlea

To see the angle the elbow must be extended and forearm supinated.

Men - 5-10 degrees
Females - 10-15 degrees
Term
4. List at least three citations in your text regarding the importance of the carrying angle.
Definition
1. Purpose is to prevent objedts that hare held in the hand from coming into contact with the body

2. Wider angle for females is to accommodate the female pelvis

3. No definitive purpose has been determined but other possible uses include pulling a wagon, skipping rope, increasing reach of arms and a role in muscular lever arms.
Term
5. Which nerve may be compromised because of the carrying angle?
Definition
Ulnar nerve

passes through the cubital tunnel and stretches with increased carrying angle
Term
6.Which nerve may be compromised because of hypertrophy of the pronator teres?
Definition
Median nerve has the potential to become compressed by pronater teres
Term
7. Primary stabilizers of the elbow joint
Definition
Humeroulnar joint – Provides bony stability
Medial Collateral ligament- Stabilizes against valgus stress
Lateral collateral ligament – Stabilizes against varus stress
Term
7. Secondary stabilizers of the elbow joint
Definition
Radial head and joint capsule – Prevents hyperextension of the elbow

Flexor-pronator muscles - Stabilizes against valgus stress

Extensor- supinator muscles - Stabilizes against varus stress

Anconeus, triceps and brachialis – Dynamic stabilizers that cross joint provides compressive forces to the joint.
Term
8.Is the elbow more stable in flexion or extension? Why?
Definition
Flexion

-more contact of the bony surfaces
-coronoid process locks into the coronoid fossa
-medial rim of the radial head engages in the trochelocapitellar groove
-Radius is in more contact with the capitulum
Term
9. Where can the brachialis muscle be palpated?
Definition
just lateral to the the biceps when resistance is applied to the wrist

examiner places palpating fingers laterally and medially to the biceps and flexes the elbow with minimal effort contraction of the brachialis may be felt
Term
10. What muscles act to pronate the forearm at the humeroradial joint?
Definition
Primary pronators-
· Pronator teres (used when there is rapid or resisted pronation)

Weak/Assisting pronators:
· Brachioradialis
· Flexor Carpi Radialis
· Palmaris Longus
· Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
Term
1. List the structures that define the anatomical snuff box.
Definition
· Medial Border- Extensor pollicis longus tendon
· Lateral Border- Extensor pollicis brevis tendon & abductor pollicis longus (book only mentions EPB but multiple other sources noted APL as well)
· Floor- scaphoid bone
· When in anatomic position- radial styloid is on lateral aspect (proximal border) and the ulnar styloid is on the medial aspect
Term
1. How can the snuff box best be seen?
Definition
Since the tendons can be easily palpated when the muscles contract, the fossa is best seen and felt when one extends and abducts the thumb.
Term
2. List the structures that pass through the carpal tunnel.
Definition
·Median nerve
·Flexor digitorum profundus (four tendons)
·Flexor digitorum superficialis (four tendons)
· Flexor pollicis longus (one tendon)
Term
3. List all of the bones at the wrist.
Definition
o Radius
o Ulna
o Scaphoid
o Lunate
o Trapezium
o Pisiform
o Triquetrum
o Trapezoid
o Capitate
o Hamate

(some lovers try positions that they can't handle)
Term
4. Where does wrist flexion primarily occur? (i.e. what joint?)
Definition
Flexion of the wrist is produced when the carpals slide dorsally on the radius and the disk

-60% occurs at midcarpal joint
-40% at radiocarpal joint
Term
5. What muscles are the most powerful during wrist extension?
Definition
-extensor carpi radialis longus
-extensor carpi radialis brevis
-extensor carpi ulnaris

active in extension and stabilization
Term
6. List the muscles responsible for the following movements: Wrist flexion.
Definition
-Flexor carpi radialis
-flexor carpi ulnaris
-Palmaris longus
-Palmaris longus
-flexor digitorum profundus
-flexor pollicis longus,
-abductor pollicis longus
Term
6. List the muscles responsible for the following movements: Wrist extension.
Definition
-Extensor carpi ulnaris
-extensor carpi radialis
-extensor carpi radialis brevis
-extensor digitorum
-extensor digiti minimi
-extensor indicis
-extensor pollicis brevis
-extensor pollicis longus
Term
6. List the muscles responsible for the following movements: radial deviation.
Definition
-extensor carpi radialis longus
-extensor carpi radialis brevis
-flexor carpi radialis.
-abductor pollicis longus
-extensor pollicis brevis
-extensor pollicis longus
Term
6. List the muscles responsible for the following movements: ulnar deviation.
Definition
-flexor carpi ulnaris
-extensor carpi ulnaris working synergistically
-extensor indicis
Term
7. What factors contribute to strength at the wrist?
Definition
Grip strength is influenced by the position of the wrist

I searched outside of the book for the answer to this and I didn't find anything other than wrist position
Term
13. List the passive structures of the glenohumeral joint that promote joint stability.
Definition
bony geometry
glenoid labrum
glenohumeral joint capsuloligamentous

Bone support (scapula)
joint capsule
glenohumeral ligament (superior, middle, inferior)
coracohumeral ligament
coracoacromial ligament

adequate size of glenoid fossa
posterior tilt of the glenoid fossa, humeral head retroversion
intact capsule and glenoid labrum.
Term
14. What muscles work to protract the scapula?
Definition
Serratus anterior
pectoralis major
pectoralis minor
Term
15. Describe the characteristics of the glenohumeral joint capsule
Definition
large/loose structure
enables much motion
reinforced by rotator cuff and coracohumeral and superior glenohumeral ligaments
no reinforcement inferiorly
collagen fiber bundles

when arm is in adduction capusule is taut superiorly and slack inferiorly

capsule becomes tight inferiorly and lax superiorly with increasing abduction - providing passive joint stability

post. capsule is crucial for glenohumeral stability

read pg 106-107
Term
8. The strength of a muscle is greater in some positions than others. What accounts for this?
Definition
-if a muscle crosses over one joint, it exerts maximal strength at the end range of motion
-if a muscle crosses two joints (or multiple joints), it exerts maximal strength at the midrange of motion
Term
9. List the factors that contribute to joint stability.
Definition
the well-being of every joint is a balance between stability and mobility.
Stability and mobility have an inverse relationship; if you gain stability, you will lose mobility and vice versa.

There are three factors that contribute to joint stability and mobility:
a.) the area of the articular surface
b.) the integrity of inert tissues (fibrous capsule, ligaments)
c.) the integrity of contractile tissues (muscles)
Term
10. Define motor unit
Definition
Motor unit is the functional unit of muscle.
It is comprised of a single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers innervated by it.
Term
11. Describe the arthrokinematics of an articular surface.
Definition
-movement of articulating surfaces in relation to the direction of movement of the extremities
-part of the movement that cannot be observed.
Term
11. What types of motion can occur between two articular surfaces
Definition
combination between
-rolling
-sliding/gliding
-spinning
Term
12.What is the sagittal plane and what motions occur in this plane.
Definition
The sagittal plane divides the body into right and left halves.
Flexion and extension occur in the sagittal plane.
Term
12.What is the frontal plane and what motions occur in this plane.
Definition
-The frontal plane divides the body into anterior(front) and posterior(back) portions.
Abduction and adduction occur in this plane.
Term
12.What is the transverse plane and what motions occur in this plane.
Definition
-The transverse plane is a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior(upper) and inferior(lower) portions.
Rotation occurs in this plane.
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