Term
Boundaries and muscle layers of the paralumbar fossa:
Caudoventral border = |
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Definition
| internal abdominal oblique |
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Term
Boundaries and muscle layers of the paralumbar fossa:
Rostral border = |
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Definition
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Term
Boundaries and muscle layers of the paralumbar fossa:
Dorsal border = |
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Definition
| epaxial muscles (longissimus and iliocostalis) |
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Term
Describe the location of the subiliac lymph node:
1. Subiliac (prefemoral) lymph nodes can be palpated....
2. Subiliac lymph nodes are associated with.... |
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Definition
1. dorsal to the fold of the flank
2. cutaneous trunci and a branch of the deep circumflex iliac artery |
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Term
| Describe the drainage pattern of the subiliac lymph node |
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Definition
| Drains only the skin in the area near the fold of the flank |
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Term
Describe or identify the muscles of the abdominal wall, including approximate origin/insertion, direction of muscle fibers, and relationship to one another:
A. Cutaneous trunci: fiber direction =
1. Origin
2. Insertion |
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Definition
A. caudoventral
1. lateral aspect of the shoulder
2. an aponeurosis over the lateral surface of the thigh |
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Term
Describe or identify the muscles of the abdominal wall, including approximate origin/insertion, direction of muscle fibers, and relationship to one another:
B. External abdominal oblique: fiber direction =
1. origin
2. insertion
3. sheet of deep fascia =
4. A split in the aponeurosis provides which opening for what canal? |
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Definition
B. Cranioventral
1. outer surfaces of the last 8 ribs
2. linea alba and prepubic tendon
3. tunica flava
4. provides the superficial ring of the inguinal canal |
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Term
Describe or identify the muscles of the abdominal wall, including approximate origin/insertion, direction of muscle fibers, and relationship to one another
C. Rectus abdominis
1. Origin
2. Insertion
3. Aponeurosis of EAO, IAO, and TA = |
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Definition
1. lower ends of the last 10 ribs
2. prepubic tendon
3. rectus sheath |
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Term
Describe or identify the muscles of the abdominal wall, including approximate origin/insertion, direction of muscle fibers, and relationship to one another
D. Transverse abdominis: fiber direction =
1. origin
2. insertion |
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Definition
D. Transverse (vertical essentially)
1. last ribs and the lumbar transverse processes
2. linea alba |
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Term
Describe the course taken by the ventral branches of T13-L4 spinal nerves in ruminants, and the landmarks for locating these branches in cattle.
1. T13 nerve |
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Definition
| 1. crosses the tip of the transverse process of L1 |
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Term
Describe the course taken by the ventral branches of T13-L4 spinal nerves in ruminants, and the landmarks for locating these branches in cattle.
2. L1n |
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Definition
| 2. crosses the tip of the transverse process of L2 |
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Term
Describe the course taken by the ventral branches of T13-L4 spinal nerves in ruminants, and the landmarks for locating these branches in cattle.
3. L2 nerve |
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Definition
| 3. crosses the tip of the transverse process of L4 |
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Term
| Local anesthesia of T13-L2 just lateral to the intervertebral foramen with anesthesia at a more lateral point would block.... |
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Definition
| the dorsal AND ventral nerve branches |
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Term
| Local anesthesia of T13-L2 just lateral to the intervertebral foramen with anesthesia at a more lateral point would do what to the spine |
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Definition
| cause the epaxial muscles to relax and flex the spine away from the anesthetized side |
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Term
| Local anesthesia of T13-L2 just lateral to the intervertebral foramen with anesthesia at a more lateral point is advantageous because.... |
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Definition
| it opens up the paralumbar fossa and flank allowing for more room to work during surgery |
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Term
Rumen:
1. Craniodorsal rumen attachment:
2. Will it move very much?
3. Location
4. Greater omentum attachment |
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Definition
1. firmly attached to the diaphragm and the dorsal body wall
2. NO
3. Left side of the body
4. right and left longitudinal grooves |
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Term
Reticulum:
1. Attachment
2. location |
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Definition
1. only attached to the rumen
2. cranial to the rumen |
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Term
Omasum:
1. Attachment
2. location
3. covered by which omentum? |
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Definition
1. reticulum and abomasum
2. deep to the liver and diaphragm and on the RIGHT side
3. LESSER OMENTUM |
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Term
Abomasum:
1. attachment
2. location
3. what attaches on the greater curvature
4. what attaches on the lesser curvature |
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Definition
1. attached to omasum and duodenum
2. floor of the abdomen on the right side
3. GREATER omentum
4. LESSER omentum |
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Term
Dorsal sac:
1. dorsal and ventral sac are separated by
2. what attaches on the left and right longitudinal grooves? |
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Definition
1. longitudinal grooves!
2. Greater omentum |
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Term
Caudodorsal blind sac:
1. dorsal to:
2. caudodorsal and caudoventral sacs are separated (internally) by.... |
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Definition
1. coronary groove/pillar
2. caudal pillar |
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Term
Caudoventral blind sac:
1. Ventral to the |
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Definition
| 1. ventral coronary groove/pillar |
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Term
Cranial sac:
what separates the cranial sac from the reticulum |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the function of the gastric (reticular, omasal and abomasal) groove in the neonate and adult |
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Definition
| In neonates, during suckling, the gastric groove contracts allowing for milk and colostrum to directly enter the abomasum for absorption and immunity |
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Term
| In the horse, the cardia opens into the fundus, which is non-glandular or glandular? |
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Definition
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Term
| The non-glandular and glandular portion of the equine stomach is divided by the |
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Definition
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Term
| The greater omentum attaches to which part of the stomach? |
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Definition
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Term
| the lesser omentum attaches to which part of the stomach? |
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Definition
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Term
| The fundus of the equine stomach lies on which side of the horse? |
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Definition
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Term
| The pylorus of the equine stomach lies on which side of the horse? It is very close to which structure of the stomach; both of which are hidden by which organ? |
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Definition
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Term
1. In order to find the epiploic foramen, you go from which side of the animal?
2. Run your fingers over the ......
3. It is found between what two vessels? |
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Definition
1. Go from right side to left
2. over the caudal vena cava
3. in b/t caudal vena cava and portal vein |
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Term
1. What is the epiploic foramen?
2. Why is it significant, especially in the horse? |
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Definition
1. The opening of the omental bursa
2. Food they eat contains liver toxins which cause disease and shrinkage in liver (the dorsal border of the epiploic foramen) with age which expands the epiploic foramen; this allows a bigger hole for small intestines to slip into. |
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Term
| The cardia of the pig opens into a small portion of the stomach which is non-glandular or glandular? |
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Definition
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Term
| The rest of the pig stomach is divided into thirds; what are the names of these glandular regions? |
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Definition
1. cardiac gland region
2. proper gastric gland region
3. pyloric gland region |
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Term
| what is the unique to pig stomachs? |
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Definition
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Term
| The cecum of the horse is located where? |
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Definition
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Term
| After food leaves the equine cecum it enters which part of the colon? |
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Definition
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Term
| The equine cecum and colon are attached by the ..... |
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Definition
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Term
| The equine ventral colon and dorsal colon are attached to each other via what structure? |
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Definition
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Term
| The small colon is rather long in horses. Describe the mesentary attaching to it |
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Definition
| The mesentary attaching to the small colon is very long cranially, but moving caudally it becomes shorter and shorter |
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Term
| Does the apex of the equine cecum face cranially or caudally? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: the opening into the cecum from the ileum is known as the ileocecal valve because backflow into the ileum is not allowed |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the flow of food within the equine ascending colon: include the flexures |
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Definition
| Food enters the right ventral colon from the cecum; it then curves into the left ventral colon at the sternal flexure; from there it turns into the left dorsal colon at the pelvic flexure; on to the right dorsal colon at the diaphragmatic flexure; right dorsal becomes the transverse colon (cranial to the cranial mesenteric artery) and then becomes small colon |
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Term
| The equine transverse colon is firmly attached to the.... |
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Definition
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Term
1. In mammals in general, the descending duodenum is on which side?
2. How do you know when you've reached ileum from jejunum?
3. in general the ascending colon is on which side compared to the descending colon |
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Definition
1. on the right side
2. there is the presence of an ileocecal ligament
3. in general: ascending colon on the right, descending on the left. |
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Term
| Which type of animal has the ileum dead-end into a "T" at the junction of the cecum and colon? |
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Definition
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Term
| the cecum is located on which side of the cow? |
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Definition
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Term
| After the "S" shaped flexure from cecum to colon of the ruminant; the ascending colon spirals inward as the 1. ? and spirals outward as the 2. ? |
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Definition
1. Centripetal loop
2. centrifugal loop |
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Term
| In the ruminant all of the jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon (including the spirals and distal loop) are located on the ..... side |
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Definition
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Term
| Embryologically, the transverse colon is cranial to the cranial mesenteric artery because.... |
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Definition
| The gut got too long for the tubular embryo and started ascending out thru the umbilicus and it twisted on itself and was then drawn back up into the abdomen as the fetus developed |
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Term
| In the horse the gastrosplenic ligament is part of the... |
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Definition
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Term
| Which organ in the horse occupies most of the left side of the cranial abdomen? |
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Definition
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Term
| The equine jejunum empties into the cecum on which aspect to the cecum? medial/lateral/dorsal/ventral |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: the base of the equine cecum sits in the paralumbar fossa |
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Definition
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Term
| The apex of the equine cecum is close to the ...... |
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Definition
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Term
| Which flexure is a permanent flexure in the horse? |
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Definition
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Term
1. When horses ingest food that is very dry and hard it will tend to accumulate where?
2. Why? |
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Definition
1. The pelvic flexure
2. Because it is the first place where the diameter changes from large to small |
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Term
| The renosplenic ligament in horses attaches the spleen to which kidney? |
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Definition
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Term
The base of the equine cecum is attached to 5 structures:
Name them! |
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Definition
1. Dorsal body wall
2. part of the liver
3. part of the gut
4. right kidney
5. part of the pancreas |
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Term
In the horse, there are how many teniae in the:
1. cecum
2. ventral colon
3. pelvic flexure
4. left dorsal colon
5. right dorsal colon
6. transverse colon
7. small colon |
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Definition
1. 4
2. 4
3. 1
4. 1 to 3
5. 3
6. 2 - 3
7. 2 |
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Term
| In the horse which structures have haustrae or sacculations? |
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Definition
1. cecum
2. ventral colon (L & R)
3. small colon |
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Term
| What structures are palpable per rectum in the horse? |
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Definition
1. caudal/medial aspect of the cecum
2. pelvic flexure (usually)
3. descending colon |
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Term
1. In the pig, the inward spiral of the ascending colon is known as the ....... and is a wide cone
2. Does it contain haustrae and teniae? |
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Definition
1. Centripetal loop
2. YES |
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Term
1. In the pig, the outward spiral of the ascending colon is known as the ...... and is on the inside of the centripetal loop
2. does it contain haustrae and teniae? |
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Definition
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Term
In the pig most of the small intestine is on the .....
while most of the large intestine and cecum are on the .... |
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Definition
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Term
1. Upon auscultating the cow, what can you hear on the left side in the abdomen?
2. on the right? |
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Definition
1. RUMEN
2. only pings due to gas in distended organs |
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Term
1. Upon auscultating the horse, what can you hear on the ventral abdomen?
2. dorsal left quadrant of the abdomen?
3. On the right? |
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Definition
1. ventral colon
2. small intestine/small colon
3. Ileocecal valve (ejection) and cecocolic opening (flushing sound) |
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Term
where would you poke a needle to perform an abominocenthesis to collect fluid on a horse?
why? |
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Definition
lowest part of the ventral abdomen just right of midline
because when you tranquilize horses their spleens enlarge and protrude to midline and even over to the right side some times. |
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Term
| In the cow, what are the things you should try to palpate that are normally palpable per rectum? |
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Definition
1. Urinary bladder (especially in males)
2. male/female reproductive organs
3. caudodorsal blind sac of rumen
4. dorsal part of the ventral sac
5. left kidney (caudal pole of right kidney maybe) |
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Term
| Clinically speaking, what should you want to and be able to palpate per rectum in the horse? |
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Definition
1. cranial mesenteric artery (long arm, short horse)
2. small colon with fecal pellets
3. pelvic flexure
4. ventral band of cecum
5. caudal pole of left kidney
6. edge of spleen
7. urinary bladder |
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Term
| what are the three unpaired arteries in the abdomen? |
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Definition
1. celiac
2. cranial mesenteric
3. caudal mesenteric |
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Term
| Where do the major blood vessels run in the abdomen? |
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Definition
1. omental or mesenteric attachments throughout the GI tract
2. grooves of the rumen |
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Term
| What is the main blood supply to the abdominal wall flank? |
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Definition
| deep circumflex iliac artery |
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Term
| The celiac pattern in the horses and pigs follow the same pattern as the dog; what part of the stomach of the ruminant does this compare to? |
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Definition
abomasum
(lesser curvature is supplied by the gastric and greater curvature is supplied by the gastroepiploic artery) |
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Term
| In the ruminant, the dorsal trunk of the vagus supplies ....... while the ventral trunk of the vagus supplies ..... |
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Definition
1. most of the abdominal organs
2. stomach and liver mostly
essential for normal gut motility |
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Term
| The blood supply to the rumen arises from the ..... |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: the horses and pigs have lovely jejunal arcades |
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Definition
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Term
| The cranial mesenteric artery supplies ...... while the caudal mesenteric supplies only the ..... |
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Definition
| all of the intestines except the caudal descending colon and rectum which is supplied by the caudal mesenteric |
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Term
| The ascending colon of all species is the only part of the colon that gets modified; what branches supply the ascending colon bloodwise? |
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Definition
colic branch (to ventral)
right colic branch (to dorsal) |
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Term
| In the horse the colic branch goes to the...... while the right colic branch goes to the ........ |
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Definition
1. Ventral large colon
2. dorsal large colon |
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Term
| The dorsal branch of the spinal nerve innervates which muscles? |
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Definition
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Term
| The ventral branch of the spinal nerve innervates which muscles? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which branch/branches innervate the skin in the flank region? |
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Definition
| BOTH the dorsal branch AND the ventral branch |
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Term
| Innervation: which branch runs dorsally and medially and supplies the epaxial muscles? |
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Definition
| Dorsal branch of the dorsal branch |
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Term
| Which branch runs lateral and provides the skin around the epaxial muscles and the skin on the most dorsal aspect of hypaxial muscles? |
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Definition
| Lateral branch of the dorsal branch |
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Term
| which branch runs laterally and innervates most of the skin around the hypaxial muscles? |
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Definition
| Lateral branch of the Ventral branch |
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Term
| which branch runs ventrally and innervates abdominal muscles in the flank region? |
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Definition
| ventral branch of the ventral branch |
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Term
| What is the unique feature of the horse kidney? |
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Definition
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Term
| The superficial opening of the inguinal canal is caused by a split in what? |
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Definition
| the aponeurosis of the EAO |
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Term
| Which muscle forms the inner wall of the inguinal canal? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
STEEGA = male = spermatic cord, testicular artery and vein, external pudendal artery and vein, cremaster muscle, genitofemoral nerve, afferent lymphatic
EGA = female = external pudendal artery and vein, genitofemoral nerve, afferent lymphatic |
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Term
| T/F horses have a torus pyloricus |
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Definition
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