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Exam 2
CV and respiratory system
167
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
09/16/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
CV system functions
Definition
  • transportation of nutritive and excretory substances
  • Regulation
  • protection
Term

Blood:

definition and facts

Definition
  • highly specialized fluid connective tissue
  • distributes, regulates, and protects
  • 7.7% body weight
  • avg person has 4-6L
  • temp is 38˚ in thorax
Term
Plasma
Definition
  • liquid part of blood
  • 55% of blood volume
  • B lymphocytes
Term
Hematocrit
Definition
% of RBC in blood
Term
Formed Elements
Definition
  • RBC, WBC, platelets
  • 45% of blood volume
Term
Leukocytes (WBC)
Definition
  • aid in defense against microorganisms and infection
  • sphirical
  • nucleated
  • granulocytes 
  • agranulocytes
Term
Granulocytes
Definition
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
Term
neutrophils
Definition
  • phogocytize bacteria
  • lobed nucleus
Term
Eosinophils
Definition
  • helps detoxify foreign substances
  • secretes enzymes that break down clots
  • kills parasitic worms
  • destroys antigen-antibody complexes
Term
Basophils
Definition

releases heparin (anticoagulant)

involved in inflammation response

Term
agranulocytes
Definition

monocytes

lymphocytes

Term
monocytes
Definition

develop into macrophages in lung tissue

phagocytize cells

Term
lymphocytes
Definition
form antibodies in immune response
Term
thrombocytes
Definition
  • disk-like fragments (irregular shape)
  • important for blood clotting
  • seal small tears in blood vessels
Term
hemostasis
Definition
  • stoppage of bleeding
  • vascular spasms
  • formation of platelet plug
  • coagulation 
Term
vascular spasms
Definition

constriction of damaged blood vessels (vasoconstriction)

slows down blood flow 

Term
platelet plug
Definition

platelets form a plug to break down and release chemicals

 

takes about 1min for plug to form

Term
coagulation
Definition
  • blood clotting
  • transformed from liquid to GEL
  • prothrombin activator formed
Term
prothrombin activator
Definition
  • converts plasma to a protein called protrhrombin
  • thrombin catalyzes joining of fibrinogen molecules and fibrin mesh
  • seals holes
Term
minimizing effects of blood loss
Definition
  • decrease blood flow to affected area
  • increase production of RBC-->heart beats faster
Term
whole blood
Definition
blood from another person (or from self)
Term
packed RBCs
Definition
whole blood w most of the plasma cells removed
Term
anticoagulant
Definition
  • prevents formation of clots
  • citrate or oxalate salts
  • blood can be stored for ~35days
  • contains heparin
Term
heparin
Definition

anticoag used in transfusion of blood

 

Term
agglutinogens
Definition
antigens on RBCs that promote agglutination
Term
A
Definition

has A antigens

has anti-B antibodies

can receive A, O

Term
B
Definition

has B antigens

anti-A antibodies

can receive B, 0

Term
AB
Definition

has A and B antigens

has no A or B antibodies

universal recipient

Term
O
Definition

has neither A nor B antigens

has anti-A and anti-B antigens

universal donor

can only receive O

Term
Rh factor
Definition
  • ~85% Americans are Rh+
  • antibodies form when Rh- receives Rh+
  • 1st transfusion ok--after body is sensitized.  
  • hemolysis (bursting of RBC) occurs on subsequent transfusions
Term
blood test: anemia
Definition

pale color

low iron or hematocrit

 

Term
blood test: high fat content
Definition

yellowish color

less 02-->faster heart beat

Term
differential WBC
Definition
  • relative proportion of types of leukocytes
  • high levels of WBC could indicate infection
  • high levels of eosinophis could indicate parasitic infection
Term

complete blood count

(CBC)

Definition

counts of types of formed elements

hematocrit

clotting factors

Term

Heart 

wall layers and location

Definition
  • located in medastium
  • epicardium
  • myocardium
  • endocardium
Term
epicardium
Definition
  • aka visceral pericardium
  • protects
  • anchors
  • prevents overfilling
  • thin layer
Term
myocardium
Definition
  • muscular contractions eject blood from heart chambers
  • thickest layer
Term
endocardium
Definition
lubricative inner lining of chambers and valves
Term
heart murmur
Definition
caused by valvular leakage or turbulence of blood
Term
valvular insufficiency 
Definition
when cusps of valves fail to form a tight seal
Term
stenosis
Definition
walls around valves are roughened or constricted
Term
functional murmur
Definition

frequent in kids

usually fixes itself

exercise can cause it

Term
cardiac muscle
Definition
  • striated
  • 1-2 nuclei per cell
  • z disks, a bands, i bands
  • short, thick, and branched
  • interconnected cells
  • no triads
Term
intercalated disks
Definition
junction of plasma membrane of adjacent cardiac cells 
Term
desmosomes
Definition
prevent separation of adjacent cardiac cells during contraction
Term
gap junctions
Definition
  • allow ions to pass freely from cell to cell
  • allow trasmission of depolarizing currents across entire heart
Term
cardiac output
Definition
amt of blood pumped by a ventricle in 1min
Term
stroke volume
Definition
volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each beat
Term
Cardiac Output (CO)
Definition

co=HR*SV (stroke vol)

ex: 75bpm*70ml/beat=5.25mL/min

Term
Cardiac Reserve
Definition
difference b/w resting and maximal cardiac output
Term
Heart Rate
Definition
  • avg adult has ~5L of blood
  • fastest in fetus (140-160bpm)
  • rate ^ w age
  • females avg: 72-80bpm
  • males avg: 64-72bpm
Term
Regulation of HR
Definition
  • automoic NS-extrinsic control of HR
  • chem reg: epinephrine-^HR and contractility
  • thyroxine: ^MR and heat production in body
Term
ions: Ca2+
Definition
  • hypocalcemia: decrease HR
  • hypercalcermia: ^HR-->interferes w/contraction. may lead to spastic contractions
Term
Na+
Definition

hyperNAtremia-too much Na in blood

may block contractions

Term
K+
Definition
  • HyperKalemia: too much potassium
  • may lead to cardiac arrest
Term
types of blood vessels (3)
Definition
  • veins: bld FROM heart
  • arteries: bld TO heart
  • capillaries: contract w cells of body. b/w veins and arteries
Term
Structure of blood vessels
Definition
  • almost all have 3 layers around lumen
  • tunica interna
  • tunica media
  • tunica externa
Term
tunica interna
Definition
contains endothelium lining lumen that minimizes friction
Term
tunica media
Definition
  • mostly circularly arranged smooth cells and elastin
  • vasoconstiction
  • vasodilation
Term
tunica externa
Definition

protects

reinforces

anchors

Term

blood pressure

gen facts

 

Definition
  • greatest in arteries
  • forces exerted by blood against capillary walls
  • measured in mmHg
Term
BP resistance
Definition

opposition to flow

amount of friction in vessels

Term
peripheral resistance
Definition
most resistance is away from hear in peripheral circulation
Term
sources of BP resistance
Definition
  1. viscosity-thicker blood. could indicate infection
  2. total length of vessel
  3. diameter-smaller diameter=more resistance
Term
sphygmomonometer
Definition
  • measures arterial pressure
  • checks brachial artery
  • normal adult BP is 120/80 (syst/dias)
Term
systolic pressure
Definition
produced as blood is EJECTED from heart during ventricular contraction
Term
diastolic pressure
Definition
when ventricles relax during ventricular diastole
Term
pulse pressure
Definition

difference b/w systolic (higher #) and diastolic pressure

gen about 40mmHg

Term
hypertension
Definition
  • BP is 140/90 or greater
  • ^ strain on heart and vessels
  • common in obese ppl b/c total length of bv is >
  • cause: diet, age, race, heredity, stress
  • smoking: nicotene causes vasoconstriction of arterioles
  • stimulates hr to ^ CO
Term
hematology
Definition
study of blood
Term
septicemia
Definition

excessive levels of toxins or bacteria in blood

aka: blood poison

Term
hematoma
Definition
  • clotted blood in tissues
  • usually results from injury
  • black and blue
  • absorbed naturally, unless infected
Term
tachycardia
Definition

continuous rapid heat beat >100bpm

caused by stress, fever, and certain drugs

Term
bradycardia
Definition

persistant heart rate of <60bpm

caused by heart block, drugs, shock, ^ intracranial pressure

Term
electrocardiograph
Definition
visual display of contraction of heart
Term
leukemia
Definition
  • causes unrestricted reproduction of immature leukocytes
  • depresses formation of RBC and platelets
  • causes anemia and a tendancy to bleed
Term
sickle cell disease
Definition
  • genetic
  • erithrocytes in shape of a sickle
  • may lead to anemia
Term
mononucleosis
Definition
  • infectious disease transmitted by a virus in saliva
  • primary affects adolescents
  • causes fever, sore throat, enlarged lymph glands, and fatigue
Term
arteriosclerosis
Definition
hardening of arteries
Term
coronary arteriosclerosis
Definition
clogging of coronary vessels with fatty build-up
Term
aneurysm
Definition
expansion or bulging of heart, aorta, or other artery
Term
diuretic
Definition
  • chemical that promotes formation of urine
  • reduces blood volume
  • ofter used to treat hypertension
Term
asystole
Definition
failure of heart to contract
Term
heart palpitation
Definition
heart beats so strong or fast the person becomes aware of it
Term
varicose veins
Definition
  • weakened veins that become stretched and swollen and leak
  • common in legs b/c the force of gravity weakens valves and overloads veins
Term
hemorrhoids
Definition
varicose veins in rectum
Term
phebitis
Definition
  • inflammation of a vein
  • caused by bacterial infection, trauma, or aftermath of surgery
  • interferes w/ venous circulation
  • frequently appears for no apparent reason
Term
hypotension
Definition
  • low BP
  • usually assoc w heart problems
  • may be caused by aging, poor nutrition, or hormonal imbalance
Term
aquired heart disease
Definition
  • may develop suddently or gradually
  • includes heart attacks
  • cause is usually inadequate coronary blood supply, anatomical disorder, or conduction disturbances
Term
myocardial disease
Definition
imflammation of heart muscle followed by cardiac enlargement and congestive heart failure
Term
respiration
Definition
refers to breathing, gas exchange b/w atmosphere, blood and individual cells
Term
physicaal requirements of respiration 
Definition
  1. structures for gas exchange must be thin-walled
  2. " " must be differentially permiable
  3. membranes must be kept moist so Oand CO2 can be dissolved by h2o
  4. rich blood supply must be present
  5. surface for gas exchange must be deep so air can be warmed and moistened
  6. must be an effective pumping mech. to replenish air
Term
functions of respiratory system
Definition
  1. exchange gas in cellular respiration
  2. sound production as air passes over vocal cords
  3. assist in abdominal compression during micturation, defecation, and parturition
  4. coughing and sneezing reflexes
Term

Nose

 

Definition
  • part on face+nasal cavity
  • warms, moistens, and filters inhaled air
  • resonating chamber for speech
  • houses olfactory receptors
Term
nasal cavity
Definition
  • pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium filters air here and elsewhee in the upper resp. passageway
  • lysozyme is secreted here
  • mucus
  • sneeze reflex initiated
  • paranasal sinuses
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • epiglotis
  • cough reflex
Term
lysozyme
Definition
  • anitbacterial enzyme that traps dust and bacteria
  • destroys bacteria chemically
Term
mucus
Definition
  • filtrates moved by cilia towards throat
  • swallowed and digested in stomach
Term
paranasal sinuses
Definition
  • air spaces in certain facial bones
  • produces mucus, provides sound resonance, and lightens skull
Term
pharynx
Definition

chamber connecting oral and nasal cavities to larynx

both food and air pass through it

Term
larynx
Definition
  • voice box
  • short passageway that connects pharynx to trachea
  • passage for AIR into trachea
  • prevents foreign objects from entering trachea
Term
epiglottis
Definition
keeps food out of lower resp. passageway
Term
cough reflex
Definition
works only if person is conscious. 
Term
trachea
Definition
  • flexible, tubular connection between larynx and bronchial tree
  • pseudostrat cili colum epith filters air
Term
bronchial tree
Definition
  • bronchi and branching bronchioles in lung
  • connection b/w trachea and alveoli
  • trachea has 2 primary bonchi--> branch to 2 tubes on L and 3 on R
  • then ~23 orders of branching
Term
alveoli
Definition

microscopic, membranous air sacs w/in lungs

F(x)al unit of respiration

site of gaseous exchange b/w resp. and CV systems

Term
Lungs
Definition
  • major organs of resp system
  • located in pleural cavities in thorax
  • contain bronch. trees, alveoli, and assoc. pulmonary vessels

 

Term
pleurae
Definition
  • serous membrane covering lungs and lining thoracic cavity
Term
respiratory zone
Definition
  • area w/ alveoli
  • begins w terminal bronchioles in lungs
  • on the term bronch are alveoli that for clustered alveolar sacs
  • walls composed of squamous epithelial type 1 cells
  • alveoli covered by pulmonary capillaries
Term

respiratory membrane

 

Definition
  • air-blood barrier
  • formed at junction of alveolar and capillary walls
  • gas exchange occurs by simple diffusion
  • O2 to blood
  • CO2 to alveoli
Term
type II cells
Definition
  • cuboidal cells in walls of alveoli
  • secrete sufactant that coats alveolar surfaces
Term
surfactant
Definition
allows a small amount of H2O to cover a large area
Term

alveolar macrophages

 

Definition
  • dust cells
  • crawl freely among internal alveolar surfaces
  • removed lots of infectious microorg's
  • dead macrophages are carried out by cilary current to pharynx at rate of 2mil/hr
Term
eupnea
Definition
  • normal resp rate and rhythm 
  • 12-15times/min
  • newborn: 40-80bpm
  • 5yr old 25bpm
Term
inspiration
Definition
  • diaphragm and ext intercostals contract
  • dia. moves DOWN and flattens
  • rib cage is elevated and broadens
  • sternum pulled forward
  • intrapulmonary press drops 1mmHg
  • air flows in until intrapul press is =to atm
Term
expiration 
Definition
  • inspiratory muscles relax: diaph rises, rib cage descends due to gravity. sternum is lowered
  • elastic lungs recoil passively
  • intrapul press increases 1mmHg
  • air flows out until intrapul pressure is same as ATM
Term
tidal volume
Definition

500ml in both sexes

amot of air inhaled or exhaled at rest

Term
inspiratory reserve volume
Definition

amt of air that can be force inhaled after normal tidal inhalation

3100mL M

1900mL F

Term
expiratory reserve volume
Definition

amt that can be forcefully exhaled after tidal exhalation

1200 M

700 F

Term
residual volume
Definition

amt of air after forced exhalation still in lungs

1200 M

1100 F

Term
total lung capacity
Definition
  • max amt of air in lungs after max inspiratory effort
  • 6000 M
  • 4200 F
  • TLC=TV+IRV+ERV+RV
Term
vital capacity
Definition
  • max amt of air that can be expired after max inspiratory effort
  • VC=TV+IRV+ERV
  • 4800 M
  • 3100 F
Term
inspiratory capacity
Definition
  • max amt of air that can be inspired after expiration
  • IR=TV+IRV
  • 3600 M
  • 2400 F
Term
functional residual capacity
Definition
  • vol of air in lungs after normal tidal vol expiration
  • 2400 M
  • 1800 F
  • FRC=ERV+RV
Term
cough
Definition

taking a deep breath

closing glottis

forcing air from lungs against glottis

-can dislodge foreign object from lower resp tract

Term
sneeze
Definition

air is forced through nasal and oral cavaties

clears upper resp tract

Term
crying and laughing
Definition

inspiration w/ short expirations

emotional response

Term
hiccups
Definition

sudden inspirations caused by spasms of diaphragm

 

sound occurs when air hits vocal folds of closed glottis

Term
yawn
Definition

very deep inspiration w. mout wide open

ventilates all alveoli

Term

infant respiratory distress syndrome

(hyaline-membrane syndrome)

Definition
  • common resp. disorder of neonates, esp. premies
  • alveoli of lungs are not developed sufficiently to sustain life until after 20wks
  • responsible for 1/3 of neonatal deaths
Term
cystic fybrosis
Definition
  • genetic disorder that produces persistant infection
  • over-secretion of mucus that clogs resp. passages
  • mucus provides site for airborne bact infect.
  • clogs pancreatic ducts
  • sweat glands don't f(x) properly
Term
aspiration
Definition

inhaling something into lungs 

ex: excessive mucus or vomit

Term
deviated septum
Definition
when nasal septum is so far to one side that it obstructs breathing 
Term
nasal polyps
Definition

mushroom-like benign neoplasms of nasal mucosa 

  • may be caused by nasal irritation
  • may block airflow
Term
epistaxis
Definition

nose bleed

caused by many things: injury, high BP, or leukemia

Term
orthopnea
Definition
inability to breath in a horizonatil position 
Term
pneumothorax
Definition

when air enters pleural cavity surrounding either lung and causes lung to collapse

  • caused by wound, penetration of broken rib, or disease
  • hole can be repaired and lung can re-inflate 
Term
atelectasis
Definition
collapse of lung from any cause
Term
acute mountain sickness
Definition
  • caused by rapid change from low to high elevation
  • headache, shortness of breath, nausea, diziness
  • severe cases can lead to death from pulmonary and cerebral edema
Term
acclimatization
Definition
response to long-term change from low to high elevation
Term
hyperventilation
Definition
  • depth and rate of breathing increased
  • enhances alveolar ventilation
  • flushes CO2 of out blood
  • increased pH of blood
  • person may become dizzy or faint
Term
hypocapnia
Definition

low level of CO2 in blood

breathing into ppr bag would increase level of CO2

Term
hypoventilation
Definition
slow or shallow breathing
Term
apnea
Definition

cessation of breathing until CO2 stimulates respiration

sleep apnea-stop breathing when asleep

Term
rhinitis
Definition
inflammation of nasal mucosa
Term
common cold
Definition

most wide-spread of all resp. diseases

no cure available. prob a mix of viruses

Term
influenza
Definition
viral disease that causes inflammation of upper resp tract
Term
tonsilitis 
Definition
inflammation of tonsils
Term
laryngitis 
Definition

inflamm of larynx

produces hoarse voice and limits ability to talk

Term
hypoxia
Definition
  • inadequate delivery of O2 to body tissues
  • many causes
  • skin and nailbeds become bluish
  • CO poisoning

 

Term
CO poisoning
Definition
  • leading cause of death from fire
  • CO is 200x easier to combine with hemoglobin than O2
  • usually not detectable
  • may cause reddened skin, confusion, throbbing headache
Term
pneumonia
Definition
  • accute inflamm and infection of lung tissue accompanied by accumulation of fluid (exudation)
  • usually bacterial
  • may be caused by a virus
Term
pleurisy
Definition
  • inflamm of pleurae
  • usually assoc w/ some infection (like pneu.)
  • pleural surfaces may become dry and rough
  • too much fluid may be produced
  • breathing may become painful and fluid may collect in pleural space
  • can be chronic
Term

COPD

(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

Definition
  • chronic bronchitis or emphysema
  • patients almost always have a history of smoking
Term
dyspnea
Definition
  • difficult or labored breating
  • get progressivelly more severe
  • coughing and pulm. infect are common
  • patients usually develop resp. failure
Term
asthma
Definition
  • affects ppl who are allergic to dustmites, roaches, cats, dogs, fungi
  • causes swelling and blocking of lower resp tubes
  • may be triggered by panic, cough, labored breathing etc.
  • may have extensive pds w no symptoms
Term
tuberculosis
Definition
  • caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • about 1/3 human pop is infected. most don't develop symptoms
  • treated w antibiot. but some resistant strains are forming
Term
chronic bronchitis
Definition
  • inhaled irritants lead to chronic excessive production of mucus
  • cig smoking is 1˚ cause. air pollution may contrib
  • inflamm and fibrosis of mucosa in lower resp passageways
  • bact thrive in stagnant mucus
  • frequent infections
Term
obstructive emphysema
Definition
  • caused by breakdown of alveoli
  • frequent cause of death among cigarette smokers
  • may be hereditary
  • increase size of air spaces and decrease surface area
  • chronic inflamm leads to fibrosis and loss of elasticity of lungs
  • leads to permanent barrel chest due to trapped air
Term
silicosis
Definition
  • resp disorder caused by tiny particles of dust that get trapped in alveoli and cut hole in walls
  • blood in alveoli
  • happens to ppl in construction or open pit mines
  • silicone in dust is sharp
  • reduces O2 to tissues. incr HR. then death
Term
black lung disease
Definition

carbon particles get in and obstruct ability to get O2

leads to increase HR then death

common in coal miners and welders

Term

lung cancer

(COPD)

Definition
  • caused by repeated inhalation irritation by substances such as cigarette smoke
  • cancers of lip, larynx, and lungs are common in smokers over 50
  • more than 90% of patients were smokers
  • rate of cure is low
  • most die w/in 1yr of diag. 7% survive 5yrs
Term
Leukocyte response to microorg.
Definition
  1. chemotaxis: WBC use chem ques from microog to block it
  2. ameboid movmt: towards microog
  3. diapedesis: WBC leaving blood vessels to make contact w/ microorg
Term
Short term reg. of BP
Definition
  • neural regulation: (sec-min)
  • baroreceptors-detect change in BP
  • symp and parasymp control: vaso motor complex and vagalcenter
Term

vaso motor complex

baroreceptor

Definition
  • sympathetic control
  • sends signal that there is a decr. in BP
  • releases epi/norepi to vaso constrict blood vessels
  • BP increases back to normal
Term

vagalcenter

baroreceptor

Definition
  • parasympathetic control
  • signals incr in BP. releases Ach to cause vasodialation
  • decr BP back to normal
Term

Long-term Chemical Reg. of BP

ADH

Definition
  • blood volume incr
  • vasopressin. released when there is decr in BP
  • targets kidneys and leads to incr in H2O absorption in blood vessel (incr BP and vol)
Term

Long-term chem reg of BP

Renin

incr. blood vol to incr. BP

Definition
  1. renin
  2. angiotensinogen
  3. angiotensin I
  4. ACE
  5. aniotensin II
  6. aldosterone (hormone)
  7. Na+ out
  8. H2O out (osmosis)
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