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exam 2
blood vessels, lymphatics, immunity
95
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
03/05/2012

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Term
Vasoconstriction
Definition
adrenergic neurons release norepinephrine NE stimulating contraction of smooth muscles
decreases the diameter of the lumen
Term
Vasodilation
Definition
relaxation of smooth muscle
increases diameter of the lumen
vasodilator neurons to skeletal muscles and brain
mostly cholinergic acetylcholine synapses
causes endothelial cells to release NO nitrous oxide causing vasodilation
Term
Elastic arteries
Definition
Large
expand during ventricular systole, compress during diastole
elastic recoil keeps blood flowing
Term
Muscular arteries
Definition
medium in size
thick tunica media
distribute blood to muscles and organs
Term
Arterioles
Definition
small with poorly defined tunica externa
mostly lining, elastic tissue, and smooth muscle
very muscular for their size
respond to a variety of stimuli to dilate or constrict
Term
Vasa vasorum
Definition
vessels of the vessels
small arteries and veins that supply the walls of large arteries
Term
Capillaries
Definition
site of exchange between blood and tissue fluids
very thin walls (only tunica intima)
only simple squamous epithelial tissue and basement membrane on outside
Term
Continuous capillaries
Definition
most common
found in skin and skeletal muscle
walls of encircling endothelial cells that overlap and have tight junctions
molecules move in and out by filtration, diffusion, pinocytosis
Term
Fenestrated capillaries
Definition
have actual spaces where there is just basement membrane
found where there is active absorption (kidneys, intestines, endocrine glands)
Term
Discontinuous/Sinusoidal
Definition
make up sinusoid capillary systems of liver, spleen, bone marrow, anterior pituitary
many fenestrations, wide lumen
areas that are very metabolically active with slow blood flow
Term
Precapillary sphincter
Definition
sphincter at entrance of the capillary bed that can contract and relax to redirect blood flow in the bed
Term
Collaterals
Definition
alternate routes if an artery gets plugged.
beds can receive blood from more than one artery
Term
Anastomoses
Definition
interconnections
arteries run together
ensures good circulation
can be arterial or ateriovenous
Term
Vasomotion
Definition
changes in blood flow through capillary beds
alternation of contraction and relaxation of precapillary sphincters
Term
Capacitance
Definition
the relationship between the volume of blood and the blood pressure
veins are capacitance vessels
expand easily
can accommodate large changes in blood volume
Term
Venous reservoir
Definition
the greatest blood volume at any point in time is in the systemic venous system
Term
Pressure gradient
Definition
the difference in pressure from one end of the vessel to the other
altered by cardiovascular control centers
Term
Total peripheral resistance
Definition
the resistance of the entire vascular system
-vascular resistance
-blood viscosity
-turbulance
Term
Vascular resistance
Definition
the resistance of the blood vessels
depends on vessel length and diameter
friction between blood and vessel wall
affects total peripheral resistance
Term
Blood viscosity
Definition
the resistance caused by interactions among molecules and suspended materials in a liquid
viscosity of whole blood is five times greater than water
normally stable
affects total peripheral resistance
Term
Turbulance
Definition
eddies and swirls created when there are high flow rates, irregular surfaces, and sudden changes in vessel diameter
bruit
affects total peripheral resistance
Term
Arterial blood pressure
Definition
maintains flow through capillaries
Term
Pulse pressure
Definition
systolic- diastolic pressures
Term
Mean arterial pressure MAP
Definition
Term
Venous return
Definition
amount of blood reaching the right atrium per minute
has a direct impact on cardiac output
Term
methods of capillary exchange
Definition
pinocytosis
diffusion through endothelial cells
diffusion through intercellular clefts
osmosis
movement through pores
filtration
Term
Capillary hydrostatic pressure CHP
Definition
force inside the capillaries that pushes fluid out
Term
Blood colloid osmotic pressure BCOP
Definition
oncotic pressure
force inside the capillaries that pulls fluid in
Term
Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure IHP
Definition
force inside interstitial space that pushes fluid out of tissues
Term
Interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure ICOP
Definition
force inside the interstitial space that pulls fluids into tissues
dissolved materials in fluids increase osmotic pressure
Term
Net filtration pressure NFP
Definition
difference between the net hydrostatic pressure and net osmotic pressure
capillaries - interstitial
Term
Regulatory mechanisms
Definition
homeostatic controls to maintain proper tissue perfusion
-autoregulation
-neural mechanisms
-endocrine mechanisms
Term
Autoregulation
Definition
regulatory mechanism
local factors control blood flow through capillary beds
local vasodilators relax precapillary sphincters
local vasoconstrictors stimulate constriction of precapillary spphincters
Term
Neural mechanisms
Definition
the first response, quick
regulatory mechanism
Term
Cardiovascular centers NM
Definition
in medulla oblongata
cardiac centers
vasomotor centers
adjust cardiac output and peripheral resistance
Term
Cardioacceleratory center NM
Definition
increase cardiac output via sympathetic stimulation, increasing heart rate
Term
Cardioinhibitory center NM
Definition
decreases cardiac output via parasympathetic stimulation
Term
Vasomotor center NM
Definition
control of vasoconstriction and vasodilation via the sympathetic nervous system
Term
Vasomotor tone NM
Definition
sympathetic vasoconstriction that keeps arterioles partially constricted
Term
Baroreceptor reflexes NM
Definition
pressure receptors in the carotid sinus, aortic sinus, wall of the right atrium that respond to stretch and adjust CO and PR to maintain normal arterial pressure
Term
Chemoreceptor reflexes NM
Definition
respond to changes in CO2 O2 or pH levels in blood and CSF located in the carotid bodies and aortic bodies
Term
Hormonal regulation
Definition
longer term regulation that takes longer and lasts longer because the chemicals are in circulation for a while
Term
Antidiuretic hormone ADH
Hormone regulation
Definition
regulated by osmoreceptors in the brain
released in response to dehydration
kidneys retain fluid so you dont pee as much
peripheral vasoconstriction raises bp, lowers blood viscosity
ADH also called vasopressin
overall effect raises BP
Term
Angiotensin II
hormonal regulation
Definition
RAA- renin angiotensen aldosterone
triggered by kidney in response to low BP
increased sodium retention via aldosterone
increased ADH release
increased thirst
increased CO and vasoconstriction
Term
Erythropoietin
hormonal regulation
Definition
increased red blood cell production if bp or o2 levels drop
Term
Atrial natriuretic peptide ANP
Definition
released by the atria
triggered by excessive atrial stretch
increased sodium and water excretion
decreased thirst
increased vasodilation
deals with high blood pressure
Term
Foramen ovale
Definition
shunts blood from the right to the left atrium in the fetal heart
fossa ovalis in adults
Term
Ductus arteriosus
Definition
shunts blood to the aorta from the left atrium
ligamentum arteriosum in adults
Term
Ductus venosus
Definition
shunts blood from umbilical vein to IVC to avoid sinusoids of the liver
ligamentum venosum in adults
Term
Umbilical vein in adults is..
Definition
ligamentum teres
Term
Lymphocytes respond to..
Definition
invading pathogens
abnormal body cells
foreign proteins
Term
Functions of lymphatic system
Definition
production of lymphocytes
distribution of lymphocytes
lymphocyte functions: detect problems, move to site of injury or infection
Term
Lymphedema
Definition
swelling caused by blockage of lymph drainage
Term
Filariasis
Definition
parasitic worms block lymph vessels
aka elephantiasis
Term
Thoracic duct
Definition
drains most of the body into the left subclavian vein
Term
Right lymphatic duct
Definition
drains the right arm and right side of the head and chest into the right subclavian vein
Term
Lymphopoesis
Definition
lymphocyte production
-hemocytoblasts - stem cells in bone marrow
-b and NK cells - mature in bone marrow
-t cells- mature in thymus
Term
Lymphoid nodules
Definition
lymphocytes packed in areolar tissue
in respiratory digestive urinary tracts
about 1 mm diameter with no fibrous capsule
Term
MALT mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
Definition
aggregated lymphoid nodules
linked with the digestive system
peyers patches in large intestine
walls of vermiform appendix
unencapsulated
Term
Tonsils
Definition
lymphoid nodules
no fibrous capsule
pharyngeal (adenoids), palatine, lingual
form ring of tonsils
Term
Lymph nodes
Definition
have a fibrous outer capsule
purify lymphatic fluid
cleanse before entering venous system
antigens and debris removed by fixed macrophages
also display antigens
Term
Afferent lymphatics
Definition
lymph vessels going to nodes
Term
Efferent lymphatics
Definition
vessels coming from nodes
Term
Thymus
Definition
behind sternum in mediastinum
clusters of T cells develop in cortex
surrounded by reticular epithelial cells
maintain blood thymus barrier
reaches peak size by puberty
less than 1/3 remains by age 50
Term
Spleen
Definition
largest lymphoid organ
relatively fragile
red pulp contains RBC
white pulp similar to lymphoid nodules
removes abnormal blood cells and debris
stores iron
initiates specific immune response
Term
Nonspecific defenses
Definition
response to all threats
physical barriers
chemical secretions
phagocytes
immunological surveillance - NK cells
interferons - cytokines
complement system
inflammation
fever
Term
Immunological surveillance
Definition
monitoring by NK cells
recognize cell surface markers on foreign cells
destroy body cells with foreign antigens
may be infected or cancerous
activation: recognize unusual surface proteins, rotate golgi toward target cell, release perforins which make pores causing leakage and cell lysis.
Term
Immunological surveillance
Definition
monitoring by NK cells
recognize cell surface markers on foreign cells
destroy body cells with foreign antigens
may be infected or cancerous
activation: recognize unusual surface proteins, rotate golgi toward target cell, release perforins which make pores causing leakage and cell lysis.
Term
Interferons - cytokines
Definition
small proteins released by virally infected cells
trigger production of antiviral proteins in non infected cells
help protect non infected cells
Term
Alpha interferon
Definition
from leukocytes
attract/stimulate NK cells
Term
Beta interferon
Definition
from fibroblasts
causes slow inflammation
Term
Gamma interferon
Definition
from T cells and NK cells
stimulate macrophage activity
Term
Complement system
Definition
cascade of 11 plasma proteins
forms membrane attack complex MAC
pores in target cell membrane
stimulates inflammation
attracts phagocytes
makes target easier to ingest through opsonization
Term
Immune system response
Definition
antigen triggers an immune response
activates t cells and cells
antigen triggers an immune response
t cells attack the antigen and stimulate b cells
activated b cells mature and produce antibody
antibody attacks antigen
Term
Cytotoxic T cells
Definition
attack foreign cells
lymphotoxin and perforin
Term
Helper T cells
Definition
activate T cells and B cells
secrete lymphokines that coordinate specific and nonspecific defenses
stimulate NK cells
activated by the same antigen that stimulates B cells
Term
Suppressor T cells
Definition
inhibit T and B cells after a period of time to prevent exaggerated reactions
Term
Memory T cells
Definition
respond to antigens they have already encountered if reinfected
Term
MHC protein
Definition
displays antigens on the cell membrane
Term
MHC class one
Definition
found on all nucleated cells
display antigen found inside the cell
ex. viral proteins
Term
MHC class two
Definition
on antigen presenting cells and lymphocytes
display antigen brought into the cell by phagocytosis or endocytosis
Term
Antigen recognition
Definition
by t cell is specific
some recognize antigens bound to class 1 and others to class 2 mhc proteins
must bind to at least two sites before attacking (costimulation)
Term
Sensitization of b cells
Definition
antigen binds to superficial antibody on the b cell membrane
antigens then displayed as class II MHC
Term
Plasma cells
Definition
synthesize and release antibodies
functional B cells
Term
Neutralization
Definition
antibody function
binds to toxin released by bacteria causing it to change its configuration or whatever makes it toxic
Term
IgG
Definition
most common type
crosses placenta
Term
IgE
Definition
involved in inflammation and allergies
Term
IgD
Definition
found on surface of B cells
Term
IgM
Definition
first type after antigen arrives
Term
IgA
Definition
in glandular secretions including milk
Term
Primary antibody immune response
Definition
takes about two weeks
produced by plasma cells
Term
secondary antibody immune responses
Definition
rapid increase in IgG
maximum antibody titer
due to memory cells
Term
Autoimmune disorders
Definition
immune response targets normal cells
we start attacking ourselves
Term
Immunodeficiency diseases
Definition
the immune system does not develop properly or is blocked
it isnt responding how it should
Term
Allergies
Definition
inappropriate or excessive immune response to allergens
anaphylaxis- circulating allergen affects mast cells throughout body
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