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Exam 2
Integumentary System, Bones & Skeletal Tissues, Joints
90
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
06/17/2009

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

 

6 Functions of the Integumentary System

Definition

1. protection

2. body temperature regulation

3. cutaneous sensation

4. metabolic functions

5. blood reservoir

6. excretion

Term

 

 

 

Protection

Definition

keratin: dehydration and waterproofing

 

bacterial invasion, sudden temp. changes, UV rays, underlying tissues

Term

 

 

 

Body Temp. Regulation

Definition

prevents heat loss

 

sweating causes blood vessels to swell

 

Term

 

 

 

Cutaneous Sensation

Definition

receptors for different senses:

touch, pain, pressure, temp

Term

 

 

 

 

Metabolic Functions

Definition

synthesize vitamin D

 

UV rays produce cholesterol

Term

 

 

 

 

Blood Reservoir

Definition

holds 5% of body's blood supply

 

 

Term

 

 

 

Excretion

Definition

 

 

 

water, salts, organic compounds

Term

 

 

 

5 Strata of Epidermis

Definition

1. Stratum basale

2. Stratum spinosum

3. Stratum granulosum

4. Stratum lucidum

5. Stratum corneum

Term

 

 

 

Stratum Basale

Definition

base layer; deepest epidermal layer

 

single row of cells -- mostly keratinocytes

 

undergoes mytosis

Term

 

 

 

Stratum Spinosum

Definition

prickly layer

 

8-10 layers thick

 

keratinocytes appear as "prickle cells" (desmosomes)

 

occassionally contains Langerhan cells

 

 

Term

 

 

 

Stratum Granulosum

Definition

3-5 layers

 

flat cells

 

accumulates 2 types of granules (made of keratin and fills up cells)

1. keratohyaline -- forms keratin in upper layer

2. lamellated -- contain waterproofing glycolipid

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

Stratum Lucidum

Definition

thin, translucent later above granulosum

 

** only visible in THICK skin**

Term

 

 

 

 

Stratum Corneum

Definition

"horny" layer

 

20-30 layers thick; 3/4 thickness

 

protects against penetration and abrasion

 

all cells dead

 

completely filled with keratin

 

waterproof

Term

 

 

Subcutaneous

Definition

a.k.a.  hypodermis or superficial fascia

 

tissue just deep to the skin

 

consists of adipose tissue -- stores fat

 

anchors skin to muscle but loosely enough that the skin can freely slide over structures (areolar CT)

 

shock absorber and insulator

Term

 

 

 

Epidermis

Definition

made up of keratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissue

 

4-5 layers

 

for waterproofing and hardening

Term

 

 

Thick skin

v.s.

Thin skin

Definition

Thick:

5 layers

palms, fingertips, soles of feet

 

Thin:

4 layers

everywhere else

Term

 

 

4 Cell Types found in Epidermis

Definition

1. keratinocytes -- 80-90%; produce keratin


2. melanocytes -- spider-shaped; synthesize melanin


3. Langerhans -- phagocytes; activate immune system


4. Merkel -- sensory receptor for touch/hair; present at epidermal/dermal junction

Term

 

 

 

 

Melanin

Definition

formed from melanocytes

 

pigment shield that protects NUCLEUS from UV radiation

Term

 

 

 

 

Dermis

Definition

made of dense irregular areolar CT


heavily embedded with fibers


supplied with nerve fibers and blood vessels


contains hair follicles, oil, and sweat glands


has 2 layers: papillary and reticular

Term

 

 

 

Papillary

Definition

top layer of dermis (20%)


made of areolar CT


contains blood vessels, collagen, and elastic fibers


contains dermal papillae


contains Meissner's carpuscle --> touch


epidermal ridges help with gripping & give fingerprints

Term

 

 

 

Dermal Papillae

Definition

 

little mountains in dermis that push into epidermis

 

frees more nerve endings --> pain

Term

 

 

 

Reticular

Definition

thick bottom layer of dermis (80% thickness)

 

made of dense irregular CT

Term

 

 

 

3 Pigments that Contribute to Skin Color

 

Definition

1. melanin -- made of tyrosine; made from melanocytes; yellow --> brown; increases when you tan

 

2. carotene -- found in orange plant products; yellow --> orange

 

3. hemoglobin -- projects pinkish hue of fair skin

Term

 

 

 

Vitiligo

Definition

white blotches on skin

 

autoimmune disorder: body attacks melanocytes

Term

 

 

 

 

Albino

Definition

lack melanin

 

don't have tyrosinase

 

tyrosine -X-> tyrosinase -X-> melanin

 

inherited

Term

 

 

 

Suderiferous Glands

Definition

merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands


most abundant


regulates body temp


found everywhere EXCEPT lips, nipples, and parts of external genitialia


abundant on palms, soles of feet, & forehead

 


duct extends to open pore at skin surface


 

Term

 

 

 

Sweat

Definition

consists of salt & water

 

 

pH: slightly acidic

 

kills off some bacteria

 

odorless --> gets odor from bacteria

Term

 

 

 

Apocrine Sweat Glands

Definition

larger than eccrine glands

 

ducts empty into hair follicles

 

found in axillary and anogenital (starts at puberty)

 


Term

 

 

Specialized Sweat Glands

Definition

1. Ceruminous glands -- secrete earwax (keep water out of ear)

 

2. Mammary glands -- secrete milk

Term

 

 

 

Sebaceous Glands

Definition

oil gland

 

holocrine gland

 

found all over body EXCEPT for palms and soles of feet

 

secretes sebum - an oily secretion that softens and lubricates hair and skin, slows H2O loss from skin, and kills bacteria

Term

 

 

 

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Definition

least malignant; most common


affects basal cells


cancer lesions appear on sun-exposed areas of face


cured by surgical excision


doesn't metastasize

Term

 

 

 

 

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Definition

arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum

 

lesions: reddened, small, rounded elevation

 

can metastasize

 

surgically removed

Term

 

 

 

 

Melanoma

Definition

most dangerous; highly metastatistic; resistant to chemo

 

affects melanocytes

Term

 

 

 

Diff. Types of Cartilage

Definition

1. Skeletal

 

2. Hyaline -- most abundant

 

3. Elastic -- flexible

 

4. Fibrocartilag - resistant to stretch

Term

 

 

 

 

4 Classifications of Bone

 

Definition

1. long

 

2. short

 

3. flat

 

4. irregular

Term

 

 

 

Long Bones

Definition

longer than wider

 

all limbs EXCEPT patella, wrist, ankle bones, and 3 bones of phalanges

Term

 

 

 

Flat Bones

Definition

thin & flat

 

sternum, scapula, ribs, and most skull bones

Term

 

 

 

Short Bones

Definition

roughly cube shaped; width ~ length

 

wrist and ankle bones

 

*special type: sesamoid -- forms in a tendon (patella)*

Term

 

 

 

Irregular Bones

Definition

have irregular shapes

 

vertebrae, hip bones

Term

 

 

 

5 Functions of Bones

Definition

1. Support


2. Protection


3. Movement -- muscles use bones as levers


4. Mineral & growth factor storage -- minerals: Ca & P; growth factor: insulin


5. Blood cell formation -- hematopoiesis

Term

 

 

 

 

2 Bone Textures

Definition

1. Compact -- outer layer; thickest in shaft of bone (diaphysis)

 

2. Spongy -- internal honeycomb; found in ends of long bone (epiphysis)

Term

 

 

 

Long Bone Anatomy

Definition

1. Diaphysis (shaft)

 

2. Epiphysis (end)

 

3. Metaphysis

Term

 

 

 

 

Diaphysis

Definition

forms long axis of bone

 

surrounds medullary cavity (mostly fat filled)

- filled with fat/yellow bone

marrow in adults

- filled with red marrow

in children

 

Term

 

 

 

 

Epiphysis

Definition

bone ends

 

joint surface covered with articular cartilage (hyaline) -- cushions, absorbs stress, protects

Term

 

 

 

 

Epiphyseal Line/Plate

Definition

occurs between shaft and end

 

hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen the bone

 

epiphyseal line appears when growth is complete

Term

 

 

 

 

Metaphysis

Definition
region where shaft and end meet
Term

 

 

 

 

Periosteum

Definition

membrane that covers the external surface of the bone (except for joint surfaces)


outer layer (fibrous) - dense irregular ct; made of collagen fibers; takes stress from all direction


inner layer (osteogenic) - consists of bone-forming cells, osteoblasts, and bone-destroying cells, osteoclasts; increases bone width


nutrient foramen - opening that allows nerve fibers, lymphatic vessels, and blood vessels to pass thru

Term

 

 

 

 

3 Functions of Periosteum

Definition

1. provides anchoring points for tendons & ligaments to outer layer

 

2. secured to underlying bone by perforating Sharpey's fibers

 

3. increases width of bone inner layer

Term

 

 

 

 

Sharpey's Fibers

Definition
collagen fibers that hold periosteum to the bone
Term

 

 

 

 

Endosteum

Definition

delicate connective tissue membrane that covers internal bone surfaces


"within the bone"


lines canal passages to compact bone


covers trabecular (thin, small pieces) of spongy bone

Term

 

 

 

Short, Irregular, & Flat Bones

Definition

compact bone on the exterior, spongy bone on interior

 

spongy bone called diploe --arranged like a sandwich

Term

 

 

 

 

Red Marrow

Definition

soft tissue


found w/in trabecular cavities of spongy bone

 

adult bones contain little red marrow

 

blood cell production: hematopoesis

 

most active red marrow (in adults): head of femur, humerus, sternum, & hip bone


Term

 

 

 

 

Osteon (Haversion) system

Definition

structural unit of compact bone

 

interconnecting canals

Term

 

 

 

 

Central Canal

Definition

canal in center of osteon that contains small blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerve fibers

 

runs the length of the bone

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

Perforating Canal

Definition

canals that run at right angles to the central canal

 

blood vessels go thru periosteum to medullary cavity

Term

 

 

 

 

Lacuna

Definition

small space or cavity

 

houses osteocytes

 

found at junctions of lamella

Term

 

 

 

Lamella

Definition

layer of bone matrix in osteon

 

made of calcium and phosphorus

 

hardened material

Term

 

 

 

 

canaliculi

Definition

connects lacunae to central canal

 

filled with fluid (canals) that carry nutrients and H2O

Term

 

 

Compact bone

v.s.

Spongy bone

Definition

Compact: hard, very well organized, resists stress in one direction

 

Spongy: poorly organized, resists stress in all directions, makes bones flexible and light

 

Both: vascular, have endosteum, lacunae, and osteocytes

Term

 

 

 

Organic Components of Bone

Definition

1. cells - osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts)

 

2. osteoid (organic part of matrix) - made up of collagen which allows for flexibility and strength

Term

 

 

 

Inorganic Component of Bone

Definition
inorganic hydroxyapatities (Ca/P/mineral salts) that strengthen and harden bone
Term

 

 

 

 

Ossification

Definition

bone formation

 

2 Types:

1. intramembranous -- forms cranial bones and clavicle

 

2. endochondral -- forms all bones below the based of the skull (minus clavicle)

Term

 

 

 

Fetal Skeleton

Definition
made of fibrous membrane and hyaline cartilage
Term

 

 

 

Bone Growth in Length

Definition

 

lengthen by growth in epiphyseal plates (made from hyaline cartilage)

Term

 

 

 

 

Bone Growth in Width

Definition

osteoblasts secreate bone matrix while osteoclasts remove bone --> widens while it lengthens

 

Term

 

 

 

Hormones present at Puberty

Definition

sex hormones

  • testosterone (boys)
  • estrogen (girls)

increase bone growth

cause degeneration of epiphyseal plate

*estrogen does this faster*

Term

 

 

 

Hormones at Childhood

Definition
  • growth hormone

pituitary gland

keeps cartilage and epiphyseal plate reproducing

too much GH: pituitary giant

too little GH: pituitary dwarf

past puberty, too much GH: acromegaly

  • thyroid hormone

regulates GH so skeleton has normal proportions

 

Term

 

 

 

 

Bone Remodeling

Definition

1. Bone deposit - uses osteoblasts

 

2. Bone resorption - uses osteoclasts

 

reasons: fracture, cast, lifestyles (exercise/coach potato, disease)

Term

 

 

Vitamins & Minerals that affect normal bone growth

Definition

vitamins: A, C, D

 

minerals: Mg, Mn, P, Ca

Term

 

 

 

Wolff's Law

Definition
lifting weights increases width, size, and strength of bones
Term

 

 

 

Structural Classification of Joints

Definition
  • fibrous
  • cartilaginous
  • synovial (joint cavity)
Term

 

 

 

3 Types of Fibrous Joints

Definition
  • sutures
  • syndesmoses (ligaments connecting *distal end* of tibia and fibula)
  • gomphoses (tooth w/ avelolar socket)
Term

 

 

 

 

Cartilaginous Joints

Definition
  • synchondroses- hyaline cartilage; immovable joint between sternum & first rib and within epiphyseal plate
  • symphyses - fibrocartilage; amphiarthrosis; pubic symphysis of pelvis & intervertebral disks
Term

 

 

 

Synovial Joint Structure (6)

Definition
  1. articular cartilage -- hyaline; covering bone ends at movable joints to prevent rubbing; on epiphysis
  2. articular capsule - dense irregular CT, collagen fibers; double-layered capsule that holds bones together; outer membrane: fibrous capsule
  3. synovial cavity - spacee containing small amt. of synovial fluid
  4. fibrous capsule - tough external layer made of dense irregular CT; strengthens joint
  5. synovial membrane - inner layer that makes synovial fluid
  6. reinforcing ligaments
Term

 

 

 

Synovial Fluid

Definition

reduces friction

 

nourishes cells of articular cartilage

 

carries on phagocytosis and engulfs debris

 

weeping lubrication - lubricates free surfaces of cartilage

Term

 

 

 

 

Bursae

 

Definition

fibrous sac lines with synovial membrane and containing synovial fluid

 

decreases friction

Term

 

 

 

 

Bursitis

Definition

inflammation of a bursae

 

"water on the knee"

Term

 

 

 

 

Bunions

Definition
outgrowth of bone or inflammation
Term

 

 

 

 

Tendonitis

Definition
inflammation of tendon sheaths
Term

 

 

 

Stability of Synovial Joints

Definition

1. articular surfaces

 

2. ligaments

 

3. muscle tone (most important; holds bone in place)

Term

 

 

 

 

Plane Joint

Definition

type of synovial joint

 

allows short gliding movement

 

nonangular movement

 

ex: intercarpal and intertarsal

Term

 

 

 

 

Hinge Joints

Definition

type of synovial joint

 

allows flexion and extension

 

uniaxial movement

 

ex: elbow, interphalangeal joints, knee

Term

 

 

 

 

Pivot Joints

Definition

type of synovial joint

 

uniaxial rotation around its own axis

 

ex: radioulnar joint & atlantoaxial joint

Term

 

 

 

Condyloid Joint

Definition

type of synovial joint

 

flexion, extension, ABduction, ADduction

 

biaxial

 

radiocarpal joint (wrist)

Term

 

 

 

 

Saddle Joint

Definition

type of synovial joint

 

biaxial

 

carpometacarpal joints of thumbs

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

Ball & Socket Joint

Definition

type of synovial joint

 

universal movement

 

shoulder and hip

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