Term
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Definition
| plate of hyaline cartilage that separates the narrow spaces of the epiphysis and diaphysis in children and adolescents |
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Term
| Zones of Growth on Epiphyseal Plate |
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Definition
Zone of Resting Cartilage - anchors growth plate to bone
Zone of Proliferating Cartilate - rapid cell division (mitosis) -looks like stacked coins
Zone of hypertrophic Cartilage - Cells enlarged & remain in columns
Zone of Calcified Cartilage - thin zone, mostly dead since matrix calcified. Osteoclasts removing matrix. Osteoblasts move in to create bone over calcified cartilage. |
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Term
| osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells |
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Definition
| stem cells that develop from embryonic mesenchymal cells and give rise to most other bone cell types. Found in endosteum, inner layer of periosteum, and in the central canals. |
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Term
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Definition
| bone-dissolving cells found on bone surface |
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Term
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Definition
1/3 organic (gives flexibility) - collagen, various protein-carb complexes such as glycoseaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins.
2/3 - inorganic (gives support and hardness) - crystalized calcium phosphate salt called hydroxyapatite. |
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Term
| Functions of Skeletal System |
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Definition
Support - hold up body, support for muscles
Protection - enclose and protect brain, spinal cord, lungs, etc.
Movement - lever system for muscles to move body
Electrolyte balance - releases Ca and PH4 ions into blood when nec.
Acid-Base Balance- buffers blood against pH changes
Blood Formation - red bone marrow housed in bone produces RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 layers. (1) inner osteogenic cellular - loose areolar CT - important for bone growth and healing of fractures. (2) Outer fibrous layer - contains collagen fibers that are continuous with those of bone, adjacent joint capsules, tendons, ligaments. Some fibers penetrate bone matrix as perforating Sharpey's fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
| lines marrow cavity, canal system, and surfaces of spongy bone. Contains osteoblasts, osteoprogenator cells, and osteoclasts. |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal lateral curvature, most common spinal curvature, usually thoracic region, particulary in adolescent girls; developmental abnormality in which the body and the arch fail to develop on one side of the vertebrae |
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Term
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Definition
| (swayback)—exaggerated lumbar curvature - From pregnancy or obesity & weak abs |
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Term
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Definition
| (hunchback)—exaggerated thoracic curvature - Usually from osteoporosis, also osteomalacia or spinal tuberculosis, or wrestling or weight lifting in young boys |
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Term
| 4 curvatures (primary & Secondary) |
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Definition
Primary: Thoracic & Pelvic
Secondary: Cervical (lift head when crawl) & Lumbar (walk upright) |
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Term
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Definition
| 7 bones: Frontal, maxilla, lacrimal, sphenoid, ethmoid, palatine, and zygomatic bone |
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Term
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Definition
| immovable joint - fibrous and cartilagenous - i.e. skull sutures, teeth in sockets (gomphoses), epiphseal plates of long bones |
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Term
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Definition
| slightly movable joint - i.e. pubic symphysis, distal radioulnar joints |
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Term
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Definition
| freely movable joint - most synovial joints - i.e. shoulder, knee, elbow, tarsal joints |
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Term
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Definition
| bony joints - formed when gap between two bones ossifies, forcing fusion of bones. No movement, can occure in fibrous or cartilagenous joint. i.e. left and right mandible present at birth, epiphyseal lines. |
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Term
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Definition
| Atlanto-occipital joint. Has fulcrum in the middle between effort and resistance (like see-saw) |
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Term
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Definition
| Resistance between fulcrum and effort; Digastric provides effort, temporalis provides resistance. Also quadriceps muscle of anterior thigh elevates the knee with the fulcrum at the hip joint |
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Term
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Definition
| Effort between the resistance and the fulcrum. In flexing the elbow, the biceps brachii muscle exerts an effort on the radius. Resistance is provided by the weight of the forearm or anything held in the hand. The fulcrum is the elbow joint. |
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Term
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Definition
Glenohumeral (humeroscapular joint)- hemispherical head of humerus articulates with glenoid cavity of scapula Shoulder stablized mainly by biceps brachii tendon anteriorly;
four additional muscles helps stabilize this joint: Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis. Their tendons form the rotator cuff, which is fused to the joint capsule on all sides except inferiorly |
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Term
| 5 principal supporting ligaments of shoulder |
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Definition
| 3 glenohumeral ligaments, coracohumeral ligament, and transverse humeral ligament |
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Term
| 4 rotator cuff muscles and tendons |
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Definition
| supraspinitus tendon SUP, infraspinitus tendon 11-9 O'clock anteriorly, Teres Minor tendon 8:30 - 6:30, subscapularis tendon 2-4 o'clock |
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Term
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Definition
| Subdeltoid, subacromial, subcoracoid, and subscapular bursae |
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Term
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Definition
| twisting of a joint that stretches or tears ligaments (some collagen fibers torn); bones don't dislocate and no joint damage; nearby BVs may be damaged along with muscles or tendons; swelling and BV HEME. Dense Reg. CT heals slow! |
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Term
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Definition
| Less serious than sprain; overstretched or partially torn muscle. Heals quickly b'c muscle is well vascularized. |
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