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| Title of the former monarch of Iran, Persian word for king or emperor |
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| "protector of the kingdom" a provincial governor in the ancient persian empire |
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| a province governed by a satrap |
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| the ruling family of the classical Persian Empire |
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| a monotheistic religion founded by the Persian Zoroaster that later became the state religion of persia. its notion of one god opposed by the devil may have influenced Judaism and later Christianity |
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| "wise lord" the one god of Zoroastrianism |
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| a city state in central greece, each polis embraced nearby rural areas, whose agricultural surplus then helped support the urban population |
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| rule by a small group of wealthy leaders |
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| someone who ruled a Greek polis outside the law, not necessarily a brutal ruler |
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| thinkers in classical Greece who emphasized skepticism and the belief that there is no ultimate truth |
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| a method of asking people leading questions to help them examine the truth of their ideas, introduced by the Greek philosopher Socrates |
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| the broad field of philosophy that studies the most general concepts and categories underlying ourselves and the word around us |
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| a defensive league organized by Greek cities in the fifth century to defeat the Persians |
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| a long war between Athens and Sparta and their respective allies in 431-404 BCE that resulted in the defeat of Athens |
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| merchants from the same city or country who live permanently in foreign cities or countries |
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| a widespread culture flourishing between 359-100BCE that combined western Asian and Greek characteristics |
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| a Hellenistic philosophy, made by Diogenes, that emphasized living in a radically simple life, shunning material things and all pretense, and remaining true to one's fundamental values |
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| a Hellenistic philosophy, begun by Zeno that emphasized the importance of cooperating and accepting nature, as well as the unity and equality or all people |
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| a Hellenistic cult that worshiped Mithra, a Persian deity associated with the sun, had some influence on christianity |
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