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Exam 1 (set 2)
cells & tissues
37
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
09/19/2011

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Term
proteome
Definition
collection of an organism's proteins
Term
protein synthesis
Definition
they determine the physical and chemical characteristics of cells ->organisms; help assemble cellular structures:plasma membrane, cytoskeleton, and other organelles; serve as hormones, antibodies, and contractile elements; act as enzymes or transporters
Term
gene expression
Definition
a gene's DNA is used as a template for specific proteins
Term
transcription
Definition
specific region of DNA is copied to produce RNA; occurs in nucleus
Term
translation
Definition
RNA attaches to a ribosome where information is translated to a corresponding sequence of amino acids
Term
base triplet (in DNA)
Definition
store genetic information in sets of three nucleotides
Term
codon
Definition
once a base triplet is transcribed as a complementary sequence (RNA) and corresponds with a specific amino acid
Term
messenger RNA (mRNA)
Definition
"director" of protein synthesis
Term
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Definition
joins with ribosomal proteins to make ribosomes
Term
transfer RNA (tRNA)
Definition
binds an amino acid on a ribosome until it is needed
Term
somatic cell division
Definition
cells undergo nuclear division (mitosis) & cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis)
Term
reproductive cell division
Definition
gametes are reproduced (meiosis)
Term
prophase
Definition
chromatic fibers condense into paired chromatids; centrosomes move to opposite poles (opposing teams)
Term
metaphase
Definition
centromeres of chromatid pairs line up at metaphase plate (50 yard line)
Term
anaphase
Definition
centromere split; sets of chromosomes move to opposite poles
Term
telophase
Definition
nuclear envelopes and nucleoli reappear; mitotic spindle disappears
Term
cytokinesis
Definition
division of cytoplasm & organelles into 2 identical cells: begins during late anaphase- during formation of a cleavage furrow; actin microfilaments-> contractile ring
Term
meiosis
Definition
the reproductive cell division that occurs in the gonads to produce gametes
Term
gametes
Definition
haploid cells (23 Chromosomes)
Term
tissue
Definition
a group of cells to function together to carry out specialized activities; provides protection, support, communication between cells, resistance to disease, etc.
Term
histology
Definition
the study of tissues
Term
epithelial tissue
Definition
covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities, ducts, and forms of glands
Term
connective tissue
Definition
protects and supports the body and organs- binds organs together, stores fat, and aids in immunity
Term
muscular tissue
Definition
generates the physical force needed to move body structures and generates heat
Term
nervous tissue
Definition
detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the body- activates muscles and glandular secretions
Term
cell junctions
Definition
very important in joining most cell types into functional units (tissues); they are contact points b/w the plasma membranes of tissue cells
Term
5 main types of cell junctions
Definition
1) Tight junctions 2) Adherens juntions 3) Desmosomes 4) Hemidesmosomes 5) Gap Junctions
Term
tight junctions
Definition
web-like strands of transmembrane proteins, fusing the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes; found in epithelial tissues that line the stomach, intestines, and urinary bladder; function: obstruct the passage of substances b/w cells & prevent leakage of contents into blood or surrounding tissues
Term
adherens junctions
Definition
contain plaque, cadherins, adhesion belts; function: hep epithelial tissue surfaces resist separation during contractile activities
Term
plaque
Definition
a dense layer of proteins inside the plasma membrane- attaches to membrane proteins and microfilaments
Term
cadherins
Definition
transmembrane glycoproteins that join cells
Term
adhesion belts
Definition
extensive zones of adherens junctions
Term
desmosomes
Definition
contain plaque & transmembrane glycoproteins- extend into intercellular space, attaching cells together; unlike adherens, plaque attaches to intermediate filaments; function: stability of the cell; prevent epidermal cells from separating under tension & cardiac muscle cells from pulling apart during contraction
Term
hemidesmosomes
Definition
resemble desmosomes but do not link adjacent cells; contains integrins, keratin; function: anchor cells to basement membrane
Term
integrins
Definition
transmembrane proteins in hemidesmosomes
Term
keratin
Definition
intermediate filaments
Term
gap junctions
Definition
contains connexins and connexons; plasma membranes are not fused together like tight junctions, ions and small molecules pass through connexons; function; transfer nutrients/waste b/t cells and allow communication; also enable nerve or muscle impulses to spread rapidly
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