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Exam 1
Lecture 5
22
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
09/27/2010

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Term
Joints
Definition
-Points where rigid elements of skeleton meet
-Most joints join bone to bone
-Some join bone to cartilage
-Some Join teeth to their bony sockets
-Joint system functions to hold the skeleton together, and enables it to be mobile
-Weakest points in the skeleton; structure allows them to resist crushing, tearing and various forces that may serve to drive them out of alignment
Term
Major Joint Types
Definition
-Fibrous joints
-Gomphoses
-Cartilaginous joints
-Synovial joints
Term
Fibrous Joints
Definition
-Bones are connected by fibrous tissue
-No joint cavity is present
-Most are immovable or only slightly movable (i.e. synarthotic or ampiarthrotic)
-Subtypes include: sutures(bones in the skull), syndemoses (ligament between the radius and ulna, or tibula and fibula), gomphoses (tooth within a socket)
Term
Cartilaginous Joints
Definition
-Articulating bones are united by cartilage or combination of cartilage/fibrous tissue
-Lacks joint cavity
-Not highly movable (synarthrotic or ampiarthrotic)
-Sub-types include: synchondroses (epiphyseal plate) and symphysis (intervertebral disks, pubis symphysis)
Term
Synovial Types
Definition
-Most common type of joint and most movable joint type
-Each contains a fluid joint cavity which acts as a shock absorber and shock distributor in joint compression (i.e. knee joint, shoulder)
-General structure includes: articular capsule, joint cavity, synovial fluid, articular cartilage, reinforcing ligaments, nerves and vessels, articular disks or menisci, fat pads and bursae
Term
Articular Capsule
Definition
-Encloses joint cavity with a 2-layered capsule: outer- fibrous capsule that is continuous with the periosteal outer layer from bone; strengthens the joint capsule
inner- synovial membrane of loose CT; covers all internal joint surfaces not covered by hyaline cartilage
Term
Joint Cavity
Definition
-also called Synovial Cavity
-potential space that holds a small amount of synovial fluid
Term
Synovial Fluid
Definition
-Found within the joint cavity
-Filtrate of blood from capillaries of synovial membrane and glycoprotein molecules secreted from membrane
-acts as lubricating fluid in the joint cavity and gets squeezed into and out of articular cartilage by joint movements (nourishing and lubricating cartilage and removing waste from cartilage)
Term
Articular Cartilage
Definition
-Cartilage that covers the ends of opposing bones
-This spongy cushion absorbs compression of joint articulation
Term
Reinforcing Ligaments
Definition
-Band-like support
-Most often intrinsic or capsular (thickening of capsule outer layer)
-extracapsular/intracapsular (e.g., medial collateral ligament; anterior cruciate ligament) which are external/internal to capsule itself
Term
Nerves and Vessels
Definition
-Rich supply of sensory nerve fibers innervate articular capsule
-Pain receptors
-Proprioceptors(position receptors)- to monitor body and joint movements and posture
-rich blood supply- extensive capillary beds in synovial membrane (synovial fluid source)
-overlap of both nerve and blood supply through several major branches to each synovial joint (protective both against injury and compression)
Term
Articular Disks or Menisci
Definition
-Fibrocartilage structures that extend internally from joint capsule and divides the joint cavity into 2
-its purpose is to improve "fit" between articulating bone ends, stabilizing joint
-allow 2 different movements at the joint (over the disc surfaces); e.g. knee joint
Term
Fat Pads
Definition
-Pads that lie between the opposing bone surfaces near the edge and within the joint
- Protects cartilage and fills spaces as joint cavity changes shape when articulating
Term
Bursae
Definition
-Small synovial fluid-filled pockets withing CT surrounding most synovial joints
-Either connected to or separate from the joint capsule, but exist wherever tendons or ligaments rub denser tissues
-Serves to reduce friction and absorbs shock
-Similarly, synovial tendon sheaths are bursa sacs that entirely surround tendons where they pass over bony surfaces (e.g. around long tendons at wrists and ankles)
Term
Factors Influencing Synovial Joint Stability
Definition
-Articular surface shapes: e.g. shallow or deep connection
-Ligamental support- the more, the greater stability; but, they can only stretch about 6% more than resting before they snap
-Muscle tendon support created by "muscle tone"; most important factor in creating stability at a synovial joint
Term
Functional Types of Joints
Definition
-Synarthrosis: immovable joint
-Ampiarthrosis: slightly moveable
-Diarthrosis: movable joint
Term
Diarthrotic Synovial Joints
Definition
-Can be broken down further by the functional properties of axial movement
-Monoaxial: when a joint allows movement only along one axis (e.g. only sagitally or coronally, or only rotation around its longitudinal axis; e.g. elbow, ankle)
-Biaxial: movement allowed on 2 axes (but not a combination of 2 at the same time; e.g. wrist)
-Multiaxial: when movement is allowed around multiple axes; e.g. shoulder, hip
Term
Movements seen with the typical Synovial Joint
Definition
-Gliding
-Angular motion
-Rotational motion
-Inversion/Eversion of foot
-Dorsiflexion/plantarflexion of foot
-Thumb opposition
-Shoulder protraction/retraction
-Shoulder elevation/depression
Term
Gliding motions
Definition
-linear motion where 2 opposing surfaces slide past one another
-movement is slight and very little rotation is allowed due to ligamental and joint capsule restrictions; can be monoaxial or multiaxial
-joints have either flat or slightly curved surfaces
-e.g. articulating carpal/tarsal bones, sterno-clavicular joint
Term
Angular Motion
Definition
-movement at an angle with reference to anatomical position
-flexion/extention: occurs in the sagittal plane. Flexion decreases the angle and extension increases the angle between the bones of a joint
-hyperextension: extension beyond anatomical position(not always allowed)
-abduction: moving away from the center of the body
-adduction: moving towards the center of the body
-circumduction: rotation of a limb around axis while reducing or increasing an angle at a joint
Term
Examples of joints in Angular Motion
Definition
-Hinge Joints: monoaxial; e.g. elbow, knee
-Ellipsoidal or condyloid joints: oval face or surface sits in small depression on other surface; biaxial (phalangeal/metacarpal) or multiaxial (carpal/radial)
-Saddle joints: each articular face has the shape of a saddle; concave on one side and convex on the other; biaxial (thumb joint) usually
-Ball in socket joints: round head of 1 bone in cup shaped hollow of another; multiaxial (shoulder, hip)
Term
Rotational Motion
Definition
-Direction: left/right
-Types include: pivot joints- monoaxial (atlas and axis), but can include rotation(allowing rotation of the head to either side)
-Ball in socket joints: multiaxial(shoulder, hip); permits rotation and angular movement
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