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Exam 1
Vocab
41
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
09/24/2010

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Anatomy
Definition
study of internal and external structures, and the physical relationships between body parts
Term
Functional Human Anatomy
Definition
focus on gross levels of study and combine the 3 normal approaches to anatomical study with a histological look at the various organ systems
Term
3 Main Approaches to Anatomical Study
Definition
Systemic: the study of the structure of major organ systems (groups of organs that act together to produce an effect)
Regional: deals with the structural relationships of the parts of the body in the region being studied
Clinical: emphasizes structures and functions that are clinically relevant in the health sciences (medicine and dentistry)
Term
Structural and Functional Organization of the Human Body
Definition
1. Chemical or Molecular Level
2. Cellular Level
3. Tissue Level
4. Organ Level
5. Organ System
6. Organism
7. Each level is completely dependent on the other levels.
8. Anything that has a negative impact on the system as a whole will also have a negative impact on the components individually through feedback loops, therefore, there is an absolute interdependence of the levels.
Term
Chemical/Molecular Level
Definition
99% of atoms are one of 4 different elements (hydrogen, oxygen, carbon and nitrogen)
interact to form compounds of various properties- water, protein, lipids, carbohydrates
function related to structure (i.e. protein to collagen)
Term
Cellular Level
Definition
Cells are the smallest living unit of the human body
Organelles (defined as the functional subunits of cells) are internal structures which are composed of complex chemicals or molecules
Term
Tissue Level
Definition
similar types of cells are joined together to form tissue with specific properties
classified into 4 distinct categories
Term
Organ Level
Definition
organization of different types of tissue in a complex fashion to perform specific functions
Term
Organ System
Definition
made up of more than one organ element; together they create a functional system (i.e. different organs work together)
Term
Major Organ Systems Include
Definition
Integumentary System: skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands

Skeletal&Articular Systems: the bones, joints and suppoting cartilage and ligaments

Muscular System: the muscles

Nervous System: central nervous system (the brains and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (cranial and spinal nerves)

Cardiovascular System: the heart and blood vessels

Lymphatic&Immune Systems: lymph vessels, nodes and corresponding immune components

Digestive System: organs associated with ingestion, mastication, deglutition, digestion, absorption of food and the elimination of feces

Respiratory System: lungs and air passage

Urinary System: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

Reproductive System: the genital organs; gynecology in females and andrology in males

Endocrine System: ductless glands that produce hormones
Term
Organism
Definition
reflects the interaction between or sum total of organ systems which all work together in unison to promote life
When working normally, there is homeostasis (maintenance of a relatively constant environment) of the organism
Term
Characteristics of Life
Definition
Organization
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Growth
Development
Reproduction
Term
Organization
Definition
The specific inter-relationships among parts of the organism and how they interact to perform specific functions
Term
Metabolism
Definition
All the chemical reactions taking place in the organism
Term
Responsiveness
Definition
the ability to sense change in the external and internal environments and adjust to those changes
Term
Growth
Definition
an increase in the size and/or number of cells, which will overall increase the size of the organism
Term
Development
Definition
Changes the organism undergoes over a duration of time, from fertilization to death
Term
Reproduction
Definition
Formation of new cells or new organisms
Term
Anatomical Position
Definition
all anatomical positions are expressed in relation to the anatomical position to ensure that descriptions are not ambiguous
standard reference position
Body upright (or supine), palms forwards, eyes ahead, feet together and forward
Structural relationships are always made as if the body is in the anatomical position
Term
Anatomical Planes
Definition
all anatomical descriptions are based on 4 imaginary planes that pass through the body in the anatomical position. These planes are the median, sagittal, coronal and horizontal planes
Term
Directional Terms
Definition
Further descriptive terms that includes adjectives in pairs of opposites.
Term
Terms of Movement
Definition
descriptions of normal motions produced by muscles acting on the skeleton and various joints
Term
Median Plane (midsagittal)
Definition
vertical plane passing longitudinally through the body, dividing the body into right and left halves
Term
Sagittal Plane
Definition
vertical planes passing through the body parallel to the median plane
Term
Coronal Plane/Frontal Plane
Definition
vertical planes passing through the body at right angles to the median plane, dividing the body into front(anterior) and back(posterior) portions
Term
Horizontal Plane/ Transverse Plane
Definition
planes that pass through the body at right angles to the median and coronal planes, dividing the body into upper(superior) and lower(inferior) portions
Term
Oblique Plane
Definition
any plane or section of a plane that is not at a right angle
Term
Superior
Definition
above; cranial; cephalad(towards the head)
Term
Inferior
Definition
below; caudal; toward the tail
Term
Anterior
Definition
belly side; ventral
Term
Posterior
Definition
backside; dorsal
Term
Medial
Definition
toward the middle of the body or median plane
Term
Lateral
Definition
toward the side of the body, right or left, away from the midline
Term
Proximal
Definition
close to the trunk or point of origin (of a limb)
Term
Distal
Definition
farther from the trunk or point of origin
Term
Superficial
Definition
on or near the surface
Term
Deep
Definition
internal; further in from the surface
Term
Flexion/Extension
Definition
occurs in the sagittal plane. Flexion decreases the angle and extension increases the angle between the bones of a joint
Term
Hyperextension
Definition
extension beyond anatomical position (not always allowed)
Term
Abduction
Definition
moving away from the center of the body
Term
Adduction
Definition
moving towards the center of the body
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