Term
| What is cystitis? What usually causes it? |
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Definition
-inflammation of the urinary bladder
-most often due to bacteria (usually E. coli) |
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Term
| What are some of the natural barriers to cystitis? |
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Definition
-repeated flushing
-urine osmolality & pH
-organic acids: excreted by epi
-IgA: secrted into bladder, reduces bacterial colonization
-defensins/cathelicidin
-neutrophil recruitment
-urethral length in males provides a barrier |
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Term
| What are some predisposing factors to cystitis? |
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Definition
-stagnation of urine: spinal cord dz, bladder mass, urethral calculus, hypertrophied prostate gland
-trauma to bladder: chronic catheterization, rough calculi
-glucosuria (DM)
-chronic steroid therapy |
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Term
| What are the two kinds of acute cystitis? |
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Definition
-acute bacterial cystitis
-chemical cystitis |
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Term
| What gross lesions do we see w/ acute cystitis? |
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Definition
| -wall thickened and can be hemorrhagic, ulcerated, and/or necrotic |
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Term
| What microscopic lesions do we see w/ acute cystitis? |
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Definition
| -hemorrhage, edema, ulceration, and neutropilic infiltration |
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Term
| What are the three types of chronic cystitis? |
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Definition
-diffuse chronic cystiits
-polypoid cystitis
-follicular cystitis |
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Term
| What is diffuse chronic cystitis? |
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Definition
| -thickened hyperplastic mucosa w/ fibrosis & inflammation in lamina propria |
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Term
| What is polypoid cystitis? |
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Definition
-solitary or multiple chronci inflammatory polyps
-often clinically and radiographically mistaken for neoplasia |
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Term
| What is follicular cystitis? |
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Definition
| -multiple small (2mm) well-circumscribed foci of lymphoid hyperplasia |
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Term
| What is Bovine enzootic hematuria? |
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Definition
| -Chronic Bracken fern ingestion |
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Term
| What are the three types of Bovine enzootic hematuria? |
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Definition
-acute hemorrhagic cystitis
-chronic polypoid cystitis
-carcinoma |
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Term
| When do we see bladder emphysema? |
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Definition
-diabetic animals w/ prolonged glucosuria
-can be seen radiographically |
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Term
| What are some types of urolithes (bladder stones)? |
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Definition
-struvite
-cystine
-silica
-Ca-oxalate |
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Term
| Are males or females more commonly affected by urolithiasis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the common location or urolithiasis in cattle? |
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Definition
| -ischial arch and sigmoid flexure |
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Term
| What is the common ocation for urolithiasis in sheep & goats? |
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Definition
| -localize at vermiform appendage |
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Term
| What is the common location for urolithiasis in dogs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the common location for urolithiasis if cats? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the common location for urolothiasis in swine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What lesions do we see due to urolithiasis obstructing the urethra? |
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Definition
-bladder distension
-multifocal or diffuse hemorrhage
-smooth muscle degen and atrophy
-bladder can rupture causing chemical peritonitis and cellulitis |
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