Term
| Describe the normal blood supply of the kidney. |
|
Definition
| -abdominal aorta => renal a => interlobar aa => arcuate aa => interlobular aa => afferent arteriole => glomerular tuft |
|
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Term
| Kidneys can be congested. Which form is common? Which is rare? |
|
Definition
-Common: hypostatic congestion
-Rare: passive congestion due to heart failure |
|
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Term
| What is hypostatic renal congestion? |
|
Definition
| -at death, the down side kidney is darker than up side kidney when cut |
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Term
| When does renal edema occur? What does it look like? |
|
Definition
-component of other processes: inflammation or toxicosis
-bulge on cut surface, surface margins become rounded |
|
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Term
| What are the common traumatic causes of renal hemorrhage? |
|
Definition
-blunt trauma such as HBC
-penetrating wound |
|
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Term
| What kind of renal hemorrhage do we see with septicemia? Common name? |
|
Definition
-often see mutifocal petechial renal hemorrhages as a result fo vascular damage
-called "turkey egg kidneys" |
|
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Term
| What are some of the specific etiologies that cause turkey egg kidneys in pigs? |
|
Definition
-Salmonellosis
-Erysipelothrix septicemia
hog cholera
-African swine fever
-porcne circovirus 2
-PRRSV |
|
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Term
| What causes petechial renal hemorrhages in dogs WITH ICTERUS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes petechial renal hemorrhages in dogs WITHOUT ICTERUS? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the pathognomonic lesion for herpesvirus septicemia in neonatal puppies? |
|
Definition
-grossly: ecchymotic hemorrhages = mottled kidneys
-histo: necrosis w/ intranuclear inclusions in renal tubular epi |
|
|
Term
| What is renal infarction? |
|
Definition
| -area of ischemic (coagulation) necrosis assoc w/ acute obstruction of blood supply |
|
|
Term
| What are the three kinds of causes of renal ifarction? Give an example or two of each. |
|
Definition
-trhombi due to endo damage: vasculitis, endotoxemia
-emboli: left heart thrombi
-loss of anti-clotting factors: protein-losing conditions such as glomerulonephritis, renal amyloidosis |
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Term
| What do acute infarcts look like grossly? |
|
Definition
-single or multiple
-pale or red
-irregualr appearance on capsular surface and wedge shape on cut surface |
|
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Term
| What lesions do we see in cats due to feliine cytauxzoonosis? |
|
Definition
-icterus
-pulmonary edema/petechiae
-renal petcehiae |
|
|
Term
| What lesions do we see in rabbits due to calicivirus? |
|
Definition
| -fine pinpoint renal corticapetechiae |
|
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Term
| What is a chronic renal infarct? |
|
Definition
| -necrotic tissue is removed and healed by fibrosis |
|
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Term
| What does a chronic renal infarct look like on capsular surface? Cut surface? |
|
Definition
-Capsular surface: irregularly pitted and depressed
-cut surface: linear or large pale area of fibrosis that underlies depressed capsular area |
|
|
Term
| What causes septic renal infarcts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe what happens w/ septic renal infarcts? |
|
Definition
| -lesion first appears as acute infarct and eventually becomes an abscess |
|
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Term
| What is the final result of a septic renal infarct aka a infarct occuring due to bacterial endocarditis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is bilateral renal cortical necrosis? |
|
Definition
-rare, severe manifestation of endotoxemia and DIC
-fibrin thrombi in renal capillaries and arterioles |
|
|
Term
| What does bilateral renal cortical necrosis look like? |
|
Definition
| -kidney is a mosaic of pale and hemorrhagic infarcts of the cortex |
|
|
Term
| What is papillary (medullary crest) necrosis? |
|
Definition
| -acute necrosis of the inner medulla |
|
|
Term
| Why does papillary necrosis happen? |
|
Definition
| -less blood flow thus anything that reduces blood flow to inner medulla can cause papillary necrosis |
|
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Term
| What is the MAIN CAUSE of papillary necrosis? |
|
Definition
-NSAIDs: dec prostaglandin formation by medullary interstitial cells
-dec blood flow, cause degen of tubular epi, interstitial matrix |
|
|
Term
| What are the most common examples of papillary necrosis? |
|
Definition
-horses: But or flunixin meglumine
-dogs/cats: ibuprofen |
|
|
Term
| In addition to NSAIDs, what else can cause papillary necrosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lesions do we see w/ acute papillary necrosis? Chronic? |
|
Definition
-Acute: irregulary sharply discolored area in medulla (yellow, green, brown, or pink)
-Chronic: sloughs off causing shortened medulla |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of acute papillary necrosis? |
|
Definition
| -mild renal failure or clinically silent |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of chrnic papillary necrosis? |
|
Definition
| -sloughed tissue can obstruct ureter or provide nidus for mineralization and calculus formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -acute tubular degeneration and necrosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -ischemic or toxic damage to tubular epi, especially PCT |
|
|
Term
| What gross lesions do we see w/ nephrosis? |
|
Definition
-swollen
-loss of cortical striations
-color: normal, paler, darker |
|
|
Term
| What microscopic lesions do we see w/ nephrosis? |
|
Definition
-tubular epi is swollen w/ vacuolated or granular cytoplasm
-nculei: pyknosis, karyorrhexis, or karyolysis |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the common causes of ischemic nephrosis? |
|
Definition
-prolonged hypotension
-constriction of renal arterioles
-shock
-anemia
-venous thrombosis |
|
|
Term
| What does tubulorrhexis mean? |
|
Definition
| -epi and BM are distroyes thus repair of tubular damage is limited |
|
|
Term
| What causes hemoglobinuric/myoglovinuric nephrosis? |
|
Definition
| -tubular necrosis due to combo of hypoxia and high concentrations of heme pigments (hemoglobin and myoglobin) in glomerular filtrate |
|
|
Term
| True or False: We use the term "pigmenturia" b/c hemoglobinuria and myoglibinuria cannot be readily differentiated on UA. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What gross lesions do we see w/ hemoglobinuric/myoglobinuric nephrosis? |
|
Definition
-swollen
-cortex and/or medullar dark ret to black
-severe cases: gun-metal blue |
|
|
Term
| What microscopic lesions do we see w/ hemoglobinuric/myoglobinuric nephrosis? |
|
Definition
| -tubular necrosis w/ pigmented casts in urine |
|
|
Term
| What aresome examples of hemoglobinuric/myoglobinuric nephrosis? |
|
Definition
-chroni copper toxicity in sheep
-autoimmune hemolytic anemia in dogs
-babesiosis ro lepto in cattle
-equine babesiosis
-red maple toxicity in horses
-rifampin toxicity in dogs |
|
|
Term
| What is caused by chronic copper toxicity in sheep? |
|
Definition
| -acute IV hemolysis caused by release of copper in blood |
|
|
Term
| True or FAlse: Copper is a hepatotoxin, not a nephrotoxin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do we see on blood smear w/ copper toxicity in sheep? |
|
Definition
-hemoglobin denaturation
-heinz body formation
-hemolysis |
|
|
Term
| What lesions do we see on necropsy w/ copper toxicity in sheep? |
|
Definition
-gun metal blue kidneys
-swollen liver
-enlarged spleen
-hemobloginuria
-icterus |
|
|
Term
| Which animals are most commonly affected by red maple toxicity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the seasonality of red maple toxicity? Toxic components? |
|
Definition
-summer or fall
-gallic acid (methemoblodbin) and pyrogallol (hemolytic) |
|
|
Term
| What lesions do we see on necropsy w/ red maple toxicity in horses? |
|
Definition
-hemoglobinuria
-dark red kidneys |
|
|
Term
| What is lepto most commonly assoc w/ cattle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which animals are affected by acute rhabdomyolysis causing myoglobinuric nephrosis? |
|
Definition
-Monday morning dz in hroses
-racing greyhounds
-sled dogs |
|
|
Term
| Which animals are affected by capture myopathy causing myoglobinuric nephrosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some other causes of myoglobinuric nephrossi? |
|
Definition
-severe musculoskeletal trauma
-Cassia spp (coffee senna) |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of compounds that are nephrotoxins? |
|
Definition
-heavy metals
-pharm agents
-plants
-mycotoxins
0vit D
-ethylene glycol and oxalates |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Hemoglobinuria/myoglobinuria nephrosis is due to combo of hypoxia and high concentrations of heme pigments in glomerular filtrate. |
|
Definition
| -TRUE and A TEST QUESTION |
|
|
Term
| What are some common sources of heavy metals? |
|
Definition
-arsenic: herbicides
-lead: old batteries, engines |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat heavy metal toxicity? |
|
Definition
| -remvoe insult and regen can occur b/c BM still intact |
|
|
Term
| What do we see w/ lead toxicity on histopath? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or FAlse: Lead poisoning in livestock is more commonly associated w/ cerebral laminar cortical necrosis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of nephrotoxicity due to Cisplatin? |
|
Definition
| -direct tubular damage and reduced renal blood flow |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of nephrotoxicity due to aminoglycosides? |
|
Definition
| -altered mem transport, hospholipase activity, mitochondrial fucntion |
|
|
Term
| What is the major lesion seen w/ pigweed (amaranthus spp)? |
|
Definition
| -acute tubular necrosis w/ PERIRENAL EDEMA |
|
|
Term
| What is the seasonality of TP of oak toxicity? |
|
Definition
-acorns (fall) or new leaves (spring)
-tannins and metabolic breakdown pdts (pyrogallol etc) |
|
|
Term
| What do we see on necropsy of bovine oak toxicity? |
|
Definition
| -petechiae, perirrenal edema, hydrothroax, hydroperitoneum, kidneys pale and swollen |
|
|
Term
| In which animals is lily toxicity most common? What happens? |
|
Definition
-cats
-acute renal fialure |
|
|
Term
| What gross lesions occur w/ lily toxicity? Histopath? |
|
Definition
-kidneys swollen and pale
-wide PCT necrosis but spares DCT and CD |
|
|
Term
| What is the bad thing about grapes, raisins, and currents? |
|
Definition
| -acute renal failure and renal tubular necrosis |
|
|
Term
| What are the common mycotoxins? |
|
Definition
-Ochratoxin & citrinin: Aspergillus & Penicillium
-more often assoc w/ long-term low-dose ingestion and chronic renal damage |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 scenaries leading to toxicosis? |
|
Definition
-1) excessive bit D supplementation (yong)
-2) accidental ingestion of meds
-3) calciferon-containing rodenticides
-4) vit D in plants |
|
|
Term
| What lesions occur due to vitamin D toxicosis? |
|
Definition
-tubular necrosis due to dec blood flow and damage to mitochondria due to excessive Ca absorption
-mineralization of soft tissue |
|
|
Term
| Where is ethylene glycol metabolized? |
|
Definition
| -in liver to sodium oxalate bia alcohol DH |
|
|
Term
| What lesions are seen due to ethylene glycol? |
|
Definition
-tubular necrosis
-kidnys pale, swollen, w/ loss of cortical stirations
-small oxalate crystals in medulla |
|
|
Term
| What do we see on histo w/ ethylene glycol toxicosis? |
|
Definition
| -tubular ecross w/ bright oxalate crystals on polarized light |
|
|
Term
| What are some oxalate contianing plants that affect ruminants? |
|
Definition
-Halogeton
-Rumex: curly odc
-Sarcobatus: greasewood |
|
|
Term
| What affects do oxalates have on ruminants? |
|
Definition
-become calcium oxalate in blood => hypocalcemia
-precip in kidney => tubular obstruction and necrosis |
|
|
Term
| Which dogs are predisposed to canine oxalate nephrosis? |
|
Definition
| -Tibetan spanniels due to inh hyperoxaluria |
|
|
Term
| What is the major clinical sign seen w/ feline cytauxzoonosis? |
|
Definition
| =ICTERUS + pulmonary edema/petechiae and remnal petechiae |
|
|
Term
| Which animals are commonly affected by calicivirus? Lesions? |
|
Definition
-rabbits
-numerous fine pinpoint renal cortical petechiae |
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