Term
| What are the general gross considerations of the kidney? |
|
Definition
-in retroperitoneum
-covered w/ thick fibrous capsule
-cortex to medulla ratio is approximately 1:2 |
|
|
Term
| Describe the cortex of the kidney grossly. |
|
Definition
-light to dark mahogany except in cats (yellow in cats due to fat in it)
-smooth surface except in cats (granular)
-cattle & marine mammals: lobulated |
|
|
Term
| Describe the medulla of the kidney grossly. |
|
Definition
-paler than cortex (less blood flow)
-in outer and inner zone
-opens into renal pelvis via papillae |
|
|
Term
| Describe the renal pevis in different species. |
|
Definition
-multiple papillae: pig, cattle
-single papilla: cat
-medullary crest (Fused papillae): dog, sheep, horse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -failure of the kidney to develop |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of unilateral renal aplasia? Bilateral? |
|
Definition
-unilateral: incidental finding
-Bilateral: DEATH w/in days of life |
|
|
Term
| In which dog breeds is bilateral kidney aplasia most common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is renal hypoplasia? |
|
Definition
| -incomplete development of the kidney |
|
|
Term
| Is renal hypoplasia difficult or easy to diagnose? Explain. |
|
Definition
-difficult
-can be confused w/ shrinking of kidney due to CKD |
|
|
Term
| In which animals is renal hypoplasia inherited? |
|
Definition
| -large white pigs & FOALS |
|
|
Term
| What do we see at necropsy w/ renal hypoplasia? |
|
Definition
-small kidneys
-in pigs and cattle: papillae may be fused
-# nephrons reduced histologically w/out scarring |
|
|
Term
| What other dz can renal hypoplasia be confused w/ in dogs? |
|
Definition
| -Hereditary Juvenile Nephropathies (Familial renal dz): prebred dog breeds |
|
|
Term
| What changes do we see in the cortex w/ renal hypoplasia? |
|
Definition
| -cortex is often irregular and thin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -abnormality of altered structural organization resulting in abnormal nephron differentiation |
|
|
Term
| What are the "options" for renal dysplasia? |
|
Definition
-asynchronous development of various nephron components
-persistence of primitive (myxomatous) mesenchyme or persistent metanephric ducts
-presence of cartilage or osseous tissue |
|
|
Term
| What characterizes canine hereditary juvenile nephropathy )familial renal dz)? |
|
Definition
-CKD by <3y
-small, shrunken kidneys w/ interstitial fibrosis
-fetal glomeruli w/ hypertrophied glomeruli and normal tubules |
|
|
Term
| What are fused (horseshoe) kidneys? |
|
Definition
-incidental and rare finding
-two kidneys fused at anterior or posteior poles |
|
|
Term
| Do fused kidneys function abnormally or normally? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are ectopic kidneys? |
|
Definition
-displaced during development or can be hypermobile (nephroptosis)
-kidneys are normal but may be suspended in abdominal cavity or w/in the pelvic cavity (pelvic kidney) |
|
|
Term
| Are ectopic kidneys clinical? |
|
Definition
| -usually not unless ureter gets kinked causing ureteral obstruction or ecoptic kidney obstructs bowel |
|
|
Term
| Are renal cysts acquired or congenital? Where do they occur? |
|
Definition
-either
-occur in any segmento f nephron |
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 pathogenic mechanisms of renal cyst formation? |
|
Definition
-obstruction of tubules/Bowman's space
-congenital defect = weak BM
-PKD1 mutation in Persians/PKD2 mutations in bull terriers = dec renal tubular epi Ca signaling
-secondary to scarring in large area of necrosis
-ALL OF THOSE ARE THE IMPORTANT ONES
-yperplasia of epi=inc P = dilatation
-loss of polarity of tubular epi = translocation of Na/K ATPase = luminal secretion of fluid |
|
|
Term
| Which species get renal cysts? What do they look like? |
|
Definition
-any species
-single large or few small cysts that are thin-walled containing clear fluid |
|
|
Term
| What is the clinical significance of renal cysts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the cysts acquired in scarred kidneys. |
|
Definition
| -multiple, small, and random |
|
|
Term
| Which animals get hereditary polycystic kidney dz? |
|
Definition
-autosomal dom in Persian cats
-Cairn terriers and Bull terriers: biliary ducts may also be cystic |
|
|
Term
| Which spp get polycystic kidney dz? |
|
Definition
| -may occur sporadically in any animal spp |
|
|
Term
| What is polycystic kidney dz? WHat does it look like? |
|
Definition
-progressive and congenital dz w/ cyst formation adn assoc nephron atrophy
-causes chronic renal dz inyoung or old animals
-kidneys looks like Swiss cheese due to dilatation of renal tubules |
|
|
Term
| What is glomerulocystic disease? |
|
Definition
| -cysts derived from abnormal glomerular basement membranes |
|
|
Term
| Which breeds get a specific form of polycystic dz? |
|
Definition
-Shiba dog in Japan
-Belgian Malinois dogs
-Blue Merle collia
-Boxers |
|
|
