Term
| What are the four common sites of UTI's? |
|
Definition
-urethra
-bladder
-ureter
-kidney |
|
|
Term
| Which of the sites of UTI's are considered lower UTI's? Which are upper? |
|
Definition
-Lower UTI: urethra & bladder
-Upper UTI: ureter & kidney |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of lower UTI? |
|
Definition
-dysuria
-stranguria
-pollakiuruia
-hematuria |
|
|
Term
| What are the three major methods of UTI infection spreading? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common route of infection leading to a UTI? Others? |
|
Definition
-ascending infection is most common
-others: hematogenous (leads to upper UTI) |
|
|
Term
| Where is the normal flora of the urogenital tract in males? In females? |
|
Definition
-Males: distal urethra, prepuce
-Females: vagina |
|
|
Term
| What parts of the urogenital tract are constantly exposed? |
|
Definition
| -rectal, perineal, genital |
|
|
Term
| Describe the natural infection rate of UTI's. |
|
Definition
| -low relative to exposure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -usually from an underlying abnormalities of host defenses |
|
|
Term
| Describe normal urine flow. |
|
Definition
-unidirectional: promotes removal of bacteria (Flushing)
-complete emptying of bladder: removes substrate for bacterial growth |
|
|
Term
| What are some things that interfere w/ completely emptying the bladder? |
|
Definition
-mechnaical obstruction: tumor, urolith
-nerve damage: IVDD |
|
|
Term
| What characteristics of the urethra act as anatomic barriers? |
|
Definition
-length
-peristaltic contractions
-high pressure zones |
|
|
Term
| What is the major purpose of the ureter? What characteristics of it achieve this? |
|
Definition
-prevent lower UTI from going to the kidney
-ureterovesicular valve, peristaltic contractions |
|
|
Term
| What are the most common causes of trauma to the urinary lining? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the composition of urine in an unfavorable environment. |
|
Definition
-extreme [urea]
-high osmotic state
-pH extremes |
|
|
Term
| How does diabetes mellitus affect the kidneys? |
|
Definition
| -makes them PU/PD & glucosuria |
|
|
Term
| What are some things that go wrong with systemic immunity that are unfavorable for the environment of the urogenital system? |
|
Definition
-hyperadrenocorticism
-DM
-immunosuppressive dogs |
|
|
Term
| What do we see on sediment exam of UTI samples? What else do we see? |
|
Definition
-WBC
-bacteria
-hematuria & proteinuria |
|
|
Term
| What is the gold standard for diagnosis UTI? |
|
Definition
|
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