Term
| What are the two types of anemia? |
|
Definition
-regenerative
-non-regenerative |
|
|
Term
| Describe a regenerative anemia. |
|
Definition
-dec RBC, HCT, Hb
-reticulocytes > 60k |
|
|
Term
| Describe a non-regenerative anemia. |
|
Definition
-dec RBC, HCT, Hb
-reticulocytes <60,000 |
|
|
Term
| What do I see on a blood smear of regenerative anemia? |
|
Definition
-anisocytosis
-plychromasia
-Howell-Jolly bodies
-basophilic stippling
-nucleated erythrocytes |
|
|
Term
| What are the common causes of acute blood loss in FA? |
|
Definition
-trauma: severe lacerations
-following surgical procedures: dehorning, castration
-following obstetrical manipulations: vaginal laceration
-uterine prolapse: upture uterine a |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of acute blood loss in FA? |
|
Definition
-(Hypovolemic shock > 30% BV)
-tachycardia
-tachypnea
-cold extremities
-pale mucouse membranes
-muscle weakness
-death from CV collapse |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose acute blood loss in FA? |
|
Definition
-clinical signs + evidence of recent hemorrhage
-anemia/hypoproteinemia (whole blood loss): w/in 12-24h after bleeding event |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat acute blood loss? |
|
Definition
-stop hemorrhage (P wraps, ligatures)
-address hypovoemic shock: crytsalloids or hypertonic saline
-if life-threatening anemia (PCV <12%): blood transfusion |
|
|
Term
| What are the goals of a blood transfusion? |
|
Definition
-maintain tissue oxygentation
-replace circulating blood volume
-provide coagulation factors for hemostasis |
|
|
Term
| What do we look for in donor selection for blood transfusion? |
|
Definition
| -healthy adult from same herd: non-pregnant, good tempermant, normal PCV & total serum protein [] |
|
|
Term
| What should an ideal cow donor be negative for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should an ideal ovine/caprine be negative for? |
|
Definition
| -CAEV, CL, anaplasmosis, MYcoplasma ovis, scrapie |
|
|
Term
| What should an ideal camelids be negative for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do we need to cross-match? |
|
Definition
| -low risk of transfusion reactions |
|
|
Term
| Why do we try to give only one transfusion as opposed to multiple? |
|
Definition
| -low risk of transfusion reactions |
|
|
Term
| What is our major cross-matching method? |
|
Definition
| -hemolytic testing via complement |
|
|
Term
| How much blood can you take safely from a donot? |
|
Definition
| -10-15% of circulating blood volume |
|
|
Term
| What are our anticoagulant options for blood transfusion? |
|
Definition
-heparin
-sodium citrate
-acid citrate dextrose
-citrate phosphate dextrose |
|
|
Term
| What is the typical blood administration settings? |
|
Definition
| -rate: w/ blood filter set |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of blood transfusions? |
|
Definition
-inc HR
-inc RR
0dyspnea
-fever
-urticaria
-pigmenturia |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat adverse eactions to blood transfusions? |
|
Definition
-stop blood transfusion, epi, +/- NSAIDs
-Furosemide
-Diphenhydramine: if urticaria/facial edema |
|
|
Term
| What is the duration of the benefit of blood transfusions? |
|
Definition
-transfused RBC/s will last approx 4-5d: removal by recipient's mononuclear pahgocyte system
-bone marrow starts to replace RBCs in 4-7 days
-may take 2-4w for HCT to return to normal |
|
|
Term
| What are some common causes of chronic blood loss? |
|
Definition
-GI bleeding: abomasal ulcer, enzootic lymphosarcoma (BLV)
-external parasites: ticks, lice
-internal parasites: (H. contortus- Ov/Vap, coccidiosis-Bo)
-abscess eroding blood vessels: caudal vena cava syndrome, pulmonary abscess
-severe pyelonephritis |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of chronic blood loss? |
|
Definition
-pale mucous membranes
-manifestations of underlying dz |
|
|
Term
| What are the diagnostics of chronic blood loss? |
|
Definition
-hx & clinical signs
-complete blood count/serum chem
-fecal occult blood
-fecal floatation
-UA
-abdominal U/S
-BLV serology |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat chronic blood loss? |
|
Definition
-primary dz
-if life threatening anemia (PCV < 12%): blood transfusion
-iron supplementation: if non-regen microcytic hypochromic anemia |
|
|
Term
| Are inherited coagulopathies common in FA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the inherited coagulopathies in FA? Which breed gets each? |
|
Definition
-Factor XI deficiency: Holstein
-Factor VIII deficiency (Hemophilia A): Hereford > Japanese brown cattle
-Factor II, VII, IX, X deficiency: RAmbouillet |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of acquired coagulopathies? |
|
Definition
-vasculitis: MCF (bo), Bluetongue (OV)
-thrombocytopenia: BVDV (type 2 strain)
-disorders of coagulation factors: DIC, sweet clover toxicosis , Warfarin toxicosis |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of blood loss due to hemostatic dysfunction? |
|
Definition
-pale mucous membranes
-manifestations of underlying dz: melena, diarrhea w/ hematochezia, petechial hemorrhages, hyphema, epistaxis, hematuria |
|
|
Term
| What diagnostics do we run fo blood loss due to hemostatic dysfunction? |
|
Definition
-CBC: dec platelet count
-Coagulation panel: inc PT, inc APTT, inc fibrinogen, inc FDPs, inc D-dimer |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat blood loss due to hemostatic dysfunction? |
|
Definition
-primary dz
-fresh plasma or whole blood transfusion
-Vitamin K1
-supportive care |
|
|
Term
| What are the common infectious causes of hemolysis? |
|
Definition
-anaplasmosis
-Lepto: pomona, icterohaemorrhagiae
-bacillary hemoglobinuria: C. haemolyticum
-babesiosis
-theileriasis
-eperythrozoonosis
-haemobartonellosis |
|
|
Term
| What are the common non-infectious causes of hemolysis? |
|
Definition
-copper toxicity
-brassica spp toxicity: rape, kale
-onion toxicity
-water intoication/salt toxicity |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of hemolysis? |
|
Definition
-pale or icteric mucous membranes
-fever, tachycardia, tachypnea
-pifmenturia |
|
|
Term
| What diagnostics do we run on hemolysis? |
|
Definition
-history, clinical signs
-CBC, serum chem
-UA
-blood smear
-others: based on top Ddx |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of Anapalsmosis? Which spp go with each? |
|
Definition
-A. marginale: Bovine
-A. centrale: Bo
-A. ovis: Ov, Cap |
|
|
Term
| What are the reservoir hosts for A. marginale? |
|
Definition
-persistently infected = carrier cattle (major reservoir)
-ticks: stage to stage transmission
-wildlife: bison, WTD, mule deet, black-tailed deer, rocky mtn elk |
|
|
Term
| How is anaplasmosis transmitted? |
|
Definition
-mechanical: biting flies, needles, etc
-biological: ticks (Dermacentor, Rhipicephalus)
-transplacental (2nd and 3rd trimester) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathophysiology of anaplasmosis? |
|
Definition
| -primary host cell target for A. marginale via extravascualr hemolysis |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 stages of Anaplasmosis? |
|
Definition
-incubation period: 7-60d
-clinical dz: 4-9d
-recovery phase: few ww to mm
-persistent infection/carrier: non-detectable parasitemia |
|
|
Term
| What aret he clinical signs of Anaplasmosis? |
|
Definition
-Cattle >2y
-fever
-pale/icteric mucous membranes
-tachycardia, tachypnea
-watery/thin blood
-abortion
-/+ nervousness or depression
-/+ weakness
-death |
|
|
Term
| What is the gold standard of diagnosing anaplasmosis? |
|
Definition
| -inoculation of fresh blood sample into a susceptbile, splenectomized calf: research setting only |
|
|
Term
| In addition to inoculation of a calf, what other diagnostics do we use for diagnosing Anaplasmosis? |
|
Definition
-microscopic exam of stained blood smears
-serology: cELISA
-PCR |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of running PCR on Anaplasmosis? |
|
Definition
| -can differentiate Anaplasmosis spp |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat Anaplasmosis? |
|
Definition
-treat acute infection
-Oxytet
-oral chlortetracycline: must consume enough of the medicated feed |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat the carrier state of Anaplasmosis? |
|
Definition
-chemosterilization of BEEF CATTLE ONLY
-oral CTC or injectable OTC |
|
|
Term
| Are chemosterilized cattle susceptibe to re-infection? |
|
Definition
| -yes to the same or different strain |
|
|
Term
| How do we control Anaplasmosis? |
|
Definition
| -dz prevention: prevent mechanical & bio transmission |
|
|
Term
| What is the TP of Bracken fern toxicity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of Bracken fern toxicity? |
|
Definition
-fever hemorrhages (nose, eyes, vagina), hematuria
-petechias, GI bleeding, secondary bacteremia, death |
|
|
Term
| What diagnostics do we run on Bracken fern toxicity? |
|
Definition
-CBC: pancytopenia, non0regen anemia
-bone marrow aspirate/cytology: medullary aplasia |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat Bracken fern toxicity? |
|
Definition
| -blood transfusion, Abx, support |
|
|
Term
| How do we control Bracken fern toxicity? |
|
Definition
| -fence off offending area |
|
|
Term
| What causes dec RBC pdn due to Bracken fern toxicity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can cause anemia due to iron deficiency or sequestration? |
|
Definition
-chronic GI bleeding
-malnutrition/malabsorption
-copper deficiency
-chronic inflammaiton |
|
|
Term
| What can cause anemia due to lack of maturation factors? |
|
Definition
-vitamin B12 deficiency
-cobalt deficiency |
|
|
Term
| Hypovolemic shock occurs when > ___ % of BV is acutely lost. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood transfusion is warranted when PCV < ___%. |
|
Definition
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